Female Oppression in Pride and Prejudice Essay -- Jane Austen

The Theme of Female Oppression in vanity and Prejudice, written by Jane Austen. In nows society, women are faced with oppression in human worldsy different ways, whether they are denied a promotion at their job over a man of equal or lesser ability or qualification, or brought up to act a certain way as a female piece of society. A females fight against oppression, be it social or societal, is certainly a difficult one, and one that - depending on the woman and the society in which she lives- may fall out her done and throughout her entire life. Pride and Prejudice is a novel written by Jane Austen that follows a woman named Elizabeth Bennet through her trial to fight oppression in a time where certain behaviour and actions are expected of women. In this novel, the reader can view oppression through Elizabeths struggle to maintain a sense of self through her constant fight against societal oppression, the Bennet familys struggles with class segregation , as come up as the standards or roles set for the women in the time in which the novel is set. Throughout the novel, the reader follows Elizabeth through her struggle to maintain her personal identity, despite what her m otherwise, sisters, and other women in society think of her. Elizabeth enjoys physical activities, such as walking , which is comical for women in the society in which she lives. She has nothing, in short, to recommend her, but being an excellent walker. I shall never forget her appearance this morning. She really looked almost wild. (Austen, 24). The women often look upon Elizabeth negatively due to her behaviour and personality, especially for her outspokenness, which was especially uncommon and unacceptable upon women. Lizzy, cried... ... but the story of those around her through the novel, they can see the different ways that female oppression is illustrated to them. Oppression, specifically female oppression, shows up through Elizabeths fight against it, t he Bennet familys struggles to maintain status in a society in which people are segregated by class, as well as the roles and standards set forward by society for women to follow accordingly. In any case, oppression poses a decision to the person facing it to follow or not to follow? Whichever path a person chooses to follow can affect them for their entire life, either negatively or positively. In Pride and Prejudice, the reader gets to see oppression in many different ways, and is allowed to gain insight through the characters opinions and statements. Works Cited Austin, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. Norwalk The Easton Press, 1997.

The Infection of Rabies :: Disease Virus

Rabies The InfectionRabies is an infectious disease that is hard to survive through. Although rabies is for the most part found in animals, humans can similarly carry the virus and spread it amongst others. This virus is well known as the slow virus because it leave behind slowly kill you. There are many symptoms of rabies, in both animals and humans, that reveal themselves only after they have been bitten. This part of the essay leave depart you the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the rabies infection.The infectious disease known as rabies is a virus that spreads from the wound to the central nervous system, causing the body to malfunction until at last crashing down. This virus is a glowtable disease that that runs in both humans and animals. In order for the virus to be liftted, the saliva from the rabid animal needfully to grave the open wound. There are many symptoms that prove that the bitten victim has rabies, one of them being death. This virus is really tr icky because not only allow you get the virus but you wont really know if you have rabies until the symptoms reveal themselves.At the time of the bite, saliva may memorialise the wound. The only way for the virus to be transmitted is if the saliva is in or close to the nerve tissue. From the nerve tissue, it travels until reaching the central nervous which wherefore(prenominal) spreads to the spinal cord and brain. The virus incubates in the victim for approximately 1 to 3 months. The victim has no symptoms at this time. When it reaches the brain, the virus multiplies rapidly, passes to the salivary glands, and the victim begins to immortalize symptoms. The infected victim usually dies within 7 days of being sick (Transmission 2).We all hear stories about a rabid click biting a human but we have to consider that not all rabies infections are transmitted by bites the virus can alike be transmitted by non-bites. The non-bites can be scratches, abrasions, open wounds, or mucus m embranes contaminated with saliva or other potentially, infections material such as brain tissue from the rabid animal (Coye10). Mammals are the only species that can transmit rabies to one another. Although humans are mammals, they cant transmit the disease the same way that animals transmit it. One way, which is the only recorded evidence where a human transmitted the virus to other humans, is by pipe organ transplant (Investigation 2).The Infection of Rabies Disease VirusRabies The InfectionRabies is an infectious disease that is hard to survive through. Although rabies is more often than not found in animals, humans can also carry the virus and spread it amongst others. This virus is well known as the slow virus because it will slowly kill you. There are many symptoms of rabies, in both animals and humans, that reveal themselves only after they have been bitten. This part of the essay will refund you the who, what, when, where, why, and how of the rabies infection.The infe ctious disease known as rabies is a virus that spreads from the wound to the central nervous system, causing the body to malfunction until finally crashing down. This virus is a transmittable disease that that runs in both humans and animals. In order for the virus to be transmitted, the saliva from the rabid animal take to enter the open wound. There are many symptoms that prove that the bitten victim has rabies, one of them being death. This virus is really tricky because not only will you get the virus but you wont really know if you have rabies until the symptoms reveal themselves.At the time of the bite, saliva may enter the wound. The only way for the virus to be transmitted is if the saliva is in or close to the nerve tissue. From the nerve tissue, it travels until reaching the central nervous which then spreads to the spinal cord and brain. The virus incubates in the victim for approximately 1 to 3 months. The victim has no symptoms at this time. When it reaches the brain, the virus multiplies rapidly, passes to the salivary glands, and the victim begins to take the stand symptoms. The infected victim usually dies within 7 days of being sick (Transmission 2).We all hear stories about a rabid shack biting a human but we have to consider that not all rabies infections are transmitted by bites the virus can also be transmitted by non-bites. The non-bites can be scratches, abrasions, open wounds, or mucus membranes contaminated with saliva or other potentially, infections material such as brain tissue from the rabid animal (Coye10). Mammals are the only species that can transmit rabies to one another. Although humans are mammals, they cant transmit the disease the same way that animals transmit it. One way, which is the only recorded evidence where a human transmitted the virus to other humans, is by organ transplant (Investigation 2).

The Viking :: essays research papers

Subject Explain how World strugglefare II is a total warfare.Total War     By 1939 France and Great Britain had declared war on Germany. Germany had invaded Poland and was working towards European domination while on the other side of the globe Japan had launched a massive attack on China and Korea and was steady moving over the Pacific in an attempt to gain do control over Greater East Asia. Italy was attempting to conquer the Mediterranean and was, thus far, triumphant. just was being broadcast globally on the radio. This was becoming a war unlike any in the 20th century, even the First World War couldnt compare to this gruesome fight against fascism, communism and world domination. For the first time ever there was a war on nearly every(prenominal) continent and ocean as surface as every head and heart. This essay will examine how the media, economic and militaristic mobilization as well as the ideological opinions contribute to the view of the world bei ng engrossed in what has now been called "the last noble war".     This war characterized itself by the complete mobilization of man and his resources. Governments are soliciting the public for money raising taxes, requesting the buying of war bonds, using every reserve they have including colonies, for soldiers and textiles, for example coal, steel etc as well as there are strategic bombings of large cities, for the first time civilians fall victim, in great numbers, to the destruction of war. 50,000,000 people died in WWII, approximately 17,000,000 were civilians. With the help of the Nazis the terminal figure "genocide" was defined in this war. No genocidal attempt had ever achieved the same amount of success as Hitlers racial cleansing. This along with Communist Russia unless fueled the war time propaganda. "Lebensraum", "La Grande Croisade, Lgion des Volontaires Franais contre le Bolchevisme", "Battle of Germany-Join an Air Crew". All of these are slogans or captions of posters propagandizing the war effort on the home fronts. Radios all over the world were broadcasting speeches from world leaders encouraging everyone to do what they can in support of the war effort. Posters and flyers everywhere were distributing the countrys propaganda, urging the public to buy government war bonds and, at least in the US, requesting that women sacrifice their pantyhose to be used for atom smasher powder sacks and other nylon materials. Because of the radio publicity the war is being broadcast into every home around the globe and the soldiers are no longer the only ones to be involved in the war.

School Vouchers: Parents Need a Choice Essay -- school choice, school

The 14th Amendment in the United States Constitution forbids states from denying any person life, liberty and property without due process of the law. It further states that any person, within a states jurisdiction, cannot be denied equal protection of its laws. This amendment protects all people. principal Justice Clarence Thomas, in a 2002 ruling, stated reasons why school plectrum should be protected under the 14th Amendment. Justice Thomas wrote in disaffirmation of school choice, Whatever the textual and historical merits of incorporating the Establishment Cla workout, I can accept that the Fourteenth Amendment protects religious liberty rights. But I cannot accept its use to oppose neutral programs of school choice through the incorporation of the Establishment Clause. There would be a tragic irony in converting the Fourteenth Amendments ascertain of individual liberty into a prohibition on the exercise of educational choice. His ruling goes on to state, Respondents adv ocate using the Fourteenth Amendment to handcuff the States ability to look into with education. But without education one can hardly exercise the civic, political, and personal freedoms conferred by the Fourteenth Amendment. Faced with a severe educational crisis, the State of Ohio enacted big educational reform that allows voluntary participation of private and religious schools in educating poor urban children otherwise condemned to failing public schools. The program does not get out any individual to submit to religious indoctrination or education. It simply gives parents a greater choice as to where and in what manner to educate their children. This is a choice that whose with greater means have routinely exercised. The State has a constitutional r... ...her, L., Schimmel, D. and Stellman, L. (2007). Teachers and the Law. 7th ed. Boston Pearson Education. P186-187.Kintisch, B.,Zelno, S.. (2002). Vouchers (SB 1) and the Law. forthcoming www.elc-pa.org. Last accessed 16 th Mar 2011. Smith, G. (2010). Education Vouchers benefit Ground. Available http//www.thestate.com/2010/11/21/1570848/school-choice-gains-ground.html. Last accessed 16th Mar 2011. Speel, R. (2011). Education vouchers would violate constitution. Available http//www.pennlive.com/editorials/index.ssf/2011/02/education_vouchers_would_viola.html.The Center for Education Reform. (2011). Choice Options State by State. Available http//www.edreform.com/printer_FVersion.cfm. Last accessed 16th Mar 2011.WestEd. (1999). What we know about vouchers the facts behind the rhetoric. Available http//www.WestEd.org. Last accessed 16th Mar 2011.

The Bird Motif in Invisible Man Essay -- Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

In Ralph Ellisons novel, Invisible Man, the narrator must go through a journey of self discovery. He does not invest himself with the black people, nor is he a part of the white culture. Throughout the novel, Ellison uses the bird motif emphasize the personalities of the groups that he is describing. In his humble beginnings the narrators greatest desire is to light upon the power that would earn him respect from all races of people. He attempts to achieve this by adapting white ideals and adopting white customs. With the opportunity of going to New York, the narrators future is open to numerous possibilities. Mans hope can paint a purple picture, can transform a soaring vulture into a noble eagle or a moaning dove(126). The narrator can either succeed at being powerful and influential or he can be one of the persons who duologue too much, but shows no action. He does not want to be a part of the masses of black people that do not go to sleep what it is that they really want. T hey want to be happy, but do not know how to achieve this happiness. Ellison often compares birds to black...

The Bird Motif in Invisible Man Essay -- Ralph Ellison, Invisible Man

In Ralph Ellisons novel, Invisible Man, the narrator must go by dint of a journey of self discovery. He does not identify himself with the black people, nor is he a embark on of the whiten culture. Throughout the novel, Ellison uses the bird motif strain the personalities of the groups that he is describing. In his humble beginnings the narrators greatest desire is to achieve the power that would earn him respect from all races of people. He attempts to achieve this by adapting white ideals and adopting white customs. With the opportunity of going to New York, the narrators future is open to many possibilities. Mans hope can paint a purple picture, can transform a lift vulture into a noble eagle or a moaning dove(126). The narrator can either succeed at being powerful and influential or he can be one of the persons who talks too much, but shows no action. He does not want to be a part of the masses of black people that do not know what it is that they really want. They want to be happy, but do not know how to achieve this happiness. Ellison a good deal compares birds to black...

The Student Experience In Higher Education Education Essay

IntroductionThe cardinal factor in the appraisal of quality in higher instruction is the savant have sex. This is non restricted to the learner experience in the trainroom but to the whole pupil experience. ( Harvey et al.,1992, p. 1 ) . Increasing attending is being paid to the pupil experience at higher instruction establishments crosswise the UK, both by establishments themselves and by the bureaus that fund them and back up them. This new focal stain is driven partially by turning involvement in what pupils think about their experiences and a committedness to developing a more informed and nuanced apprehension of what the pupil experience agencies and what factors shape it. The cardinal implicit in driver is enhancement of the pupil experience, both as an terminal in itself, and as a agency to the terminal of deriving and keeping competitory return in recruiting and retaining pupils ( Chris, 2008 ) .In this subject field a phenomenological method was employed to look the single experiences as a postgraduate pupil in the University of Ulster.LITERATURE REVIEWEvaluation of what is going universally cognise as the pupil experience is one of the dominant subjects of higher instruction research at this clip. This term embraces the impression that larning does non merely take topographic point in the schoolroom and that pupils clip spent in higher instruction is about a whole scope of experiences ( City University, 2002 ) .All facets of pupils university experience occupy an impact on their acquisition experience ( City University, 2002 ) .Purdue University ( 2004 ) refer to the Pillars Supporting the Entire Student Experience and Thompson ( 2000 ) composing in the Kansas State eCollegian stated that The entire pupil experience encompasses learning and acquisition, course of study, pupil bread and butter, reding and mentoring. The University of Edinburgh ( 2004 ) be fonts refers to a broad set of pupil experiences in which it was stated that sue ments ar derived from the entire pupil experience whether academician, excess curricular or work experiences.A More late nevertheless the focal point has shifted to the rating of the entire pupil experience, which would include issues much(prenominal) as the installations usable within the establishment, relationships with the academic staff and ally pupils, and attitudes towards the instruction manner offered by lectors and coachs. Increasingly, pupils attitudes and perceptual experiences towards the establishment as a whole are definen as cardinal issues in finding the entire pupil experience. ( Savani, 2003 )The descry entails an person s experience as a postgraduate pupil.PurposesThe survey, which was conducted as administer of an assignment of NUR816 cogency, aimedTo research a fellow pupil s experience while set abouting a graduate student survey.To analyze the sort of excogitate faced by a postgraduate pupil.To set up whether postgraduate pupil b command their surv eies all through the semesters without any job from empower or work topographic point for those working.To enable me to cognize whether they were able to get some rational accomplishments through their programme.Research Questions/objectiveTo research a fellow pupil s experience while set abouting a graduate student survey, in footings of the repugns of such survey.To find the impact of a graduate student survey on a pupil daily life.The methodological analysis for probe was based on the purposes and aims set.The research inquiry shall be answered by utilizing the phenomenology methodological pom-pom alternatively of the descriptive anthropology and grounded theory. This methodological attack is chosen because the research subject is centred on the perceptual experiences and readings of the universe held by an person. The speech pattern within this purview is on the individualism, even the singularity, of each individual s set of perceptual experience which is located in a speci fic societal context ( Shepard et al. , 1993 ) .Phenomenology evolved from Husserl s philosophical enterprise to research the full significance of persons lived experience of a given phenomenon through contemplation on the world of their experiences ( Morse and Field, 1996 Koch, 1999 Jones and Borbasi, 2003 Racher, 2003 ) . The research histrion observes and efforts to construe the significance of the observations make ( Jones and Borbasi, 2003 ) . In consciousness what is real there is reading of the significance of people s relationships with their life experiencesPhenomenology attack stands in crude(a) contrast to ethnography and grounded theory ( Julius and Chris, 2002, p.9 ) . In peculiar, it takes a really different position of the relationship between experience and recognition. For rationalists, and for post-positivists, experience is a agency of accessing an neutral world that lies outside the person who is sing it ( Julius and Chris, 2002, p.9 ) .In phenomenology , nevertheless, the universe as experienced by persons, or by a group of persons, is the existent universe. companionable world is constructed by persons in the procedure of interacting within a peculiar context ( Anderson, 1991 ) .In add-on, phenomenology recognises the fact that societal phenomena are rooted in a specific context ( Julius and Chris,2002, p.10 ) .Similarly, phenomenology, trades chiefly with the micro instead than the macro characteristics of societal life ( Lassman,1974 ) . Using this method enabled the single pupil to depict a lived experience of deriving knowledge as a postgraduate pupil and pertaining to her daily life. Through following a post-positivist, phenomenological enquiry, the research worker aimed for objectiveness in record uping and measuring informations. This involved actively recognizing and uncluttering the head of preexistent ideas, beliefs and look ons ( Holloway and Wheeler, 1996 ) . This is combative, and non easy accomplishable. Howev er, in this research such objectiveness was desirable, since the lead research worker was a co-worker to the hearingee.MethodsParticipantThe research was conducted with a fellow pupil from within the NUR 816 faculty category in the University of Ulster. Ethical blessing was obtained from the University of Ulster Ethics and nerve Committees. Flying was in a site unconnected with the chief survey.The methodological analysis was qualitative in design. In peculiar it drew on phenomenological rules which seek to understand, describe and tally human behavior from the position of the individual or thespians being studied ( Finlay, 1999 ) . The purpose of the audience was hence to derive an apprehension of the interviewee s ain place in relation to her experience has a postgraduate pupil.Data accrual procedureDesign Ethical and research administration IssuesQualitative research is based on the premiss that in range to get cognition about people, we direct to give them the chance t o specify and depict their experiences as these were lived by themselves ( Polit and Hungler,1993 ) . This attack allows the geographic expedition of worlds by worlds admiting the value of a holistic position and the worth of individualism and subjectiveness ( Chinn, 1985 ) .Nursing and phenomenology luck the same beliefs in sing people holistically as entities who create significances and in valuing them as alone individuals ( Omery, 1983 Taylor, 1994 ) . Using a phenomenological attack nevertheless holds assorted troubles such as method slurring ( Baker et al. , 1992 ) and the acknowledgment of the research workers consequence upon the survey and the reading of the findings. The deficiency besides of defined guidelines high spots the issue of asperity ( Hallet, 1995 ) . This stresses the demand for elaborate certification of the survey and the demand to integrate the strength of the findings within the information analysis. However, the reading on any research has to be consid ered probationary instead than absolute ( Walters, 1995 ) .Sampling procedureParticipant Numberss within phenomenological surveies are typically little, for illustration, less than 10 ( Morse and Field, 1996 Parahoo, 1997 Kleinman, 2004 ) , and interviews are in-depth with much rich informations ( Whimpenny and Gass, 2000 ) . The sample utilize for this survey was a convenience sample drawn from a mark population of NUR816 faculty category. A fellow pupil was approached and she agree to take part. Participant was informed about the right to retreat from the survey at any clip and was informed that in written studies they would non be able to be identified as imposter names would be used. This attack was agreed by the moralss and research administration commission as being acceptable.Data collection methodInterviewsContact with the fellow pupil was made by telephone with a follow-up instrumentalist information sheet, consent signifier given to her in category. A hebdomad was a llowed from the telephone call until the clip agreed for interview, therefore giving clip for participants to read and discourse the information with others if they wished. terminal consent was undertaken instantly anterior to interview. Participants were offered the school country that is mall or talk room. She opted for the talk room ( Dashiff, 2001 ) . Prior to the interview, the function of the survey was discussed. This served to loosen up the interviewee and the interviewer ( Morse and Field, 1996 ) .The interview that lasted for about 30 proceedingss was audio recorded and manus written and later transcribed verbatim ( Streubert and Carpenter, 1995 ) . An un-structured interview usher was used ( see Appendix 4 ) , although inquiries were asked in different ways to elevate all possible ideas from participant. Time for treatment was made after the interview. This was once more agreed as portion of ethical blessing for the work. Get downing the Interview ( Appendix 5 ) .As fo r the method of informations aggregation, single interview have been used. The intent of the phenomenological interview has been defined as an effort to derive penetration into the other individual worldview and to understand shared significances through active hearing ( Sorrell and Redmond 1995 ) . However the archetype interview was non used in the concluding analysis of the informations.Unstructured interviewing is described as automatic ( Hammerseley and Atkinson, 1993 ) .In a big grade the precise subjects on which the interview will concentrate, and the manner in which it is conducted, emerge in the procedure of the interview, and are antiphonal to the perceptual experiences, concerns and precedences of the source. The control of the informations aggregation procedure was surrendered partly to the source ( fellow pupil ) ( Julius and Chris, 2002, p.54 ) .The unstructured interview is conducted harmonizing to an interview usher ( Arksey and Knight, 1999 ) .Subjects in an uns tructured interview may be raised in different ways or in a different orderSince my purpose in this signifier of interview is to derive insight into a subject from the position of the source, the docket for the interview was non imposed by the interviewer, but was negotiated between interviewer and interviewee ( Jones, 1985 ) .Rubin and Rubin ( 1995 ) described such interviews as a guided conversation .Datas AnalysisThe analytical procedure began during informations aggregation. Analysis of interviews was coincident with informations aggregation so that new subjects could be identified for inclusion in subsequent interviews. Data aggregation continued until impregnation occurred, whereby no new or applicable stuff emerged. The research worker made notes after the interview of cardinal points that arose in the conversation with the participant. These helped to clear up the emerging issues and allowed minor accommodations to be made to the interview agenda. The copy was so read thr ough carefully to place the perceptual experiences and attitudes of pupil toward the graduate student survey. The informations were so explored in relation to the available literature and checked against the research notes to guarantee that issues perceived as of import to the interviewee had been addressed. A bill of exchange transcript of the reappraisal was sent out to interviewee ask foring her remarks and leting for some minor accommodations to be made. Quotation marks from interview are given because they represent the positions or to foreground a specific point. Pseudonyms are used throughout the paper to maximize interviewee namelessness.Data was analysed utilizing a model that is geared towards phenomenology methodological analysis of Colaizzi s ( 1978 ) seven phase procedure, reflexiveness in informations aggregation and frequent re-analysis of informations as new subjects emerged ( Miles and Huberman,1994 ) .This theoretical account of analysis Fosters transparence and co gency in the analytical procedure ( Mays and Pope,2000 ) .The analytic procedure of Colaizzis ( 1978 ) was modified to supply a more executable model for the analysis of the information. Firstly tape recorded interview was played and re played and written transcripts were read in order to get a first feeling . The really first rematch of the cassette took topographic point instantly after the interview, it was recorded and a transcript was kept individually for safety grounds. Additionally notes were written after the interview and during the first rematch to capture initial thoughts. Initial data batch was achieved utilizing underscoring for the participant important statements. This enabled informations submergence and assisted an overview of the participant s part to each bunch.At phase two important statements were extracted from the individual transcript, which was after organized into bunch of subjects. Each subject was attempted to be conceptualized and contextualized ( S trauss and Corbin.1990, p.61 ) and notes were written for each identified subject to be discussed with the participant during proof. The following phase involved the readying of a descriptive text for the participant which included quotation marks from the interviews. At the proof phase participants were re approached and alongside an explanatory note, the descriptive text was assessed. The participant to the full agreed with the written descriptions and the treatment of her experiences and he signed and retains a 2nd transcript of the proof text.Formulated significances were devised but arranged into one power grid to compare their relationship to the formulated significances as a whole. Colaizzi supports this stance to his procedure of analysis. He argues his method of analysis be used flexibly and freely by the research worker, they can modify them in what of all time manner they sees fit ( Colaizzi, 1978, p.59 ) . Further divergence arose from Colaizzi ( 1978 ) who acknowledge d there will be take up of experience and that repeats should be eliminated.It is argued instead that by placing repeats, greater weight can be added to significance of the significance jointly for persons ( Hantikainen and Kappeli, 2000 ) . To help participant in understanding the analysis of the information, and supply her with grounds that the response could act upon pattern, a grid sketching the cardinal findings was devised for her. The presentation to the participants of what Colaizzis ( 1978 ) calls the exhaustive description instead than the concluding essential gimmick of the phenomenon, was besides recommended by Holloway and Wheeler ( 1996 ) , as it could be more easy recognizable by her because it has the possible to move as a precursor to arouse more information and remarks at this phase of the survey. Although cogency in qualitative research is multifaceted, it appears to be an advantage of using a method of analysis which compound proof by participants themselves . The concluding analysis of the phenomenon can be seen as the product of a shared procedure between those whom have experience it and the research worker ( Halarie, 2006 ) .DiscussionThe survey revealed a sequence of findings, which could be summarised under the undermentioned seven classs All seven classs emerged from the participant descriptions, irrespective of the length of the interview a ) Aspiration in life B ) Challenges of being a graduate student pupil degree Celsius ) Time direction vitamin D ) Positive and invalidating feelinge ) Library usage degree Fahrenheit ) Internet usage g ) Lecturers attitudes. Each class will be explored and deductions for development discussed.Aspiration in life The pupil emphasised that the graduate student programme was an chance for her to rich greater tallness. My end in life is to draw a bead on to make the extremum in my educational calling Challenges of being a postgraduate pupil Being admitted for the graduate student programme was t he first challenge the pupil faced, followed by funding the programme, cost of adjustment in school, run intoing the class work deadline for entry, and plagiarism menace. The adjustment I got was rather expensive in school . Geting admitted gave me a challenge I mean the support of the P.G surveies was non excessively easy . I was so witting of the mentions quoted but am still terror-struck that I did non plagiarize . haste through the coursework assignment, so as to run into the deadline for entry .Time direction The pupil usage most of the clip in the school country for go toing talks, making class work, and personal reading while the free talk yearss is used for parttime occupation. I realised that I need to make a batch of personal reading My faculty clip besides gave me a good chance to prosecute in a portion clip work in a shop . Lecturers Attitudes it was gathered from the pupil experience that the lectors were accessible and they help in work outing pupil academic pr oblems. The lectors have ever been really helpful and accessible and unfastened to suggestions and unfavorable judgment .Library usage School Library was reportedly used to accomplish a batch of work through class work administration and easy cyberspace entree, run offing the assignment and printing relevant papers. It was so a good resource. I did non hold a resource to acquire a lap-top so I spend most of my clip in the school library ( LRC ) .Internet usage At interview, the pupil reported equal usage of the Internet at school, for email communicating, online resource from the lectors, and for a assortment of reasons. near of our classs had online resource which could merely be assessed through the Webct from the library portal .Positive and negative feeling There was the fiscal influence on the household, but a batch of accomplishments were acquired.The probe confirms the utility of using a phenomenological method to the human side of research and to lend to the alleged studies-of-studies literature, and to the turning shared experiential civilization in research. It could assist decrease the clasp of the positive paradigm in the survey and to happen a cardinal topographic point for the human side of research, alternatively of concealment or disregarding this of import aspect of research.Finally, this survey was exploratory in nature and the consequences may be limited to the respondent who participated in the probe, merely. Therefore, merely general suggestions for future research can be offered. One possibility is to research the experiences of pupil who have non received didactic direction on school life, but who have to put to death graduate student survey. Another possibility is to depict the experiences of pupils who failed to finish their surveies successfully.DecisionPostgraduate Student experience could be summarized into a deliberate and necessary attempt to derive credence into an organized and defined educational scene. The findings il lustrate the lived experience of a postgraduate pupil about her surveies, the cognition respondents have about her school, and some consideration about duty for cognition and why perusal may be hard. An overruling subject throughout the work is relate to dedication to class work and support. Key concerns included The support of a postgraduate class.Entree to resources andProper clip direction.

Determining Justification for Rfid Technology

Running Head DETERMINING JUSTIFICATION FOR RFID TECHNOLOGY Determining Justification for RFID Technology Bahram Izadi, Master school-age child of condescension Management, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran and John Boyd, BASc, Computer Engineering, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada Abstract What arethebenefits? is acommon enquiry for every memorial tablet considering implementing a new engineering science. This is an oddly important questionfor small or develop companies, where an error ininvestment couldresult in unrecoverableoperating capital loss.As Radio Frequency assignment (RFID) systems are makingdeep and impressiveim turn upments in manufacturing, distri furtherion, and supply chain management and military logistics, it is clock to considerthequantifiable financial and usable benefitsof RFID inan organizations competitive strategic plans. This article ordain review the benefits of RFID instruction execution against its costs, and demonstratehow the introduct ion of an RFID system can reduce production, distri hardlyion, and warehousing costs, while increasethe operational force of an organization.Through financial metrics, pry equations, and numericalanalysis this articlewill demonstratehowRFID implementationcan improve not only anorganizations layabout stage backup, but similarlyintangible benefits such as internal focus, industryleadership, and differentiation from its competitors. A sample wrinkle case study will be presented to demonstrate to the lecturer valuable insight to both real-world advantages and limitations associated with RFID adoption. 1. Introduction The focus of this paper is how to develop an RFID strategic plan to quantify RFID justification by dint of kick the bucket on investment (ROI).RFID offers strategic advantages for businesses, private or state organizations because it can improve efficiency, cost savings, and yield greater resultsin virtually all areas of business processes and operations. However due to the complexity associated with an RFID system, its uncertain proven capabilities, and high costs of implementation, it is crucial to create solid a business case and justification in terms of ROI, either quantifiable or intangible, which offer the greatest benefit to the lodge. 2. Background What is RFID?Radio frequency identification, or RFID, is a wireless automatic information collection technology which uses electronic tags for data storage. An RFID system consists of an RFID tag, a reader/writer unit with antenna, and a computer, as demon in Figure 1. pic Figure 1 RFID System The reader/writer emits radio signals from its antenna to power the tag, and can read or write data to the tag without a direct line of site. Reader/writer units are available in various shapes and sizes depending on requirement or application.Similarly RFID tags are available to suit most any application or environment from unobtrusive paper thin tags suitable for traditional barcode applicat ions, to large heavy-duty brick sized tags to track heavy machinery. The computer or middleware allows communication between the RFID hardware and system applications. 3. RFID Benefits and be RFID offers strategic advantages for businesses because it can improve productivity, efficiency, cost savings, and yield greater returns in virtually all areas of business operations.As an example, Air Canada was losing $2 million USD worth of food carts per year. This initial problem of asset introduce resulted in the deployment of RFID systems which yielded a 2% reduction in total inventory, 5% reduction in maintenance costs, 20% to 50% in trucking charges, 80% reduction in shrinkage, 100% reduction in costs for auditing yearly inventory counts and ROI within 18 months. Internet, 4 In general some of the main advantages of RFID usage are Reduced warehouse and dispersal hollow costs due to increased data automation Reduced inventory by omitting inventory errors Improved forecasting and p lanning due to improvements in profile of supply chain Reduced theft by tracking the products point to pint Reduced out-of stock conditions via better RFID product tracking RFID is used for everything from tracking cows and pets to triggering equipment down oil healthys. The most common applications are payment systems, toll collection systems, access control, track people, assets and products without the need for human intervention or direct line of site. Internet, 5 All of the applications listed have been deployed because they haven proven ROI. . RFID Costs When considering RFID costs a party essential consider the total cost of self-will rather than just the initial RFID hardware and tags costs. A complete RFID system includes not only hardware infrastructure, but also service such as design, development, deployment, maintenance, ongoing support, and training. Also to consider are the future costs as the system is scaled beyond its initial pilot or trial phase. Costs shou ld also be associated with restructuring or introducing new business practices. 5. Creating Justification for RFIDThe authorisation applications and benefits of RFID are only constrained by a companys level of innovation. However, before rushing to adopt RFID technology a company can ensure the greatest rate of return and success by having in buns a comprehensive strategic plan which quantifies all encompassing aspects of RFID including technology and business processes in exhibition to deliver its benefits for maximum grade. In separate to loose the costs of an RFID system it is vital a companies RFID strategic plan contains quantifiablemetrics assigned to care fors of each area which RFID contacts.Therefore when a company does decide to implement RFID, such a strategic plan will allow them to proceed confidently to their strategic objective while ensuring the maximum potential value areas are achieved. By contrast a poor RFID strategic plan without careful and insightful s tudy, risks to dilute the focus and resources of the business and may prove to be detrimental and wasteful, instead of beneficial. Each RFID deployment will have its unique application varying with the application of the company and the companys goals so there is no single ROI or total cost of ownership criteria for RFID.On the other hand, ROI in many cases is not only found financially but also in intangible factors. For example a dispersal center may place value on increasing efficiency doneput in order to save money on labor and reduced shipping errors, where a hospital or healthcare center would place value on increasing visibility of surgical equipment so to have a better chance to save a persons life due to increased response time scotch cost would not be so much as a constraint in this case, but rather the service is of more importance than at once financial justification. . Creating a RFID strategic plan to determine ROI justification As previously mentioned, there are often uncertainties and reservations when an organization first considers introducing RFID, such as concern of high price or hesitation at the risks of being an early adopter and risking mistakes and learning costs. This is usual behavior in small companies and especially in developing countries wherean error ininvestment couldresult inunrecoverableoperating capital loss.To overcome this uncertainty and to proceed confidently with the company-wide adoption of RFID deployment, a plan must(prenominal) include strategic thinking and financial justification. Sweeney, Patrick J II, Chapter 16 By thinking strategically, we uncover the hard data and information that enables members of organization to make informed decisions and to communicate the rationale of RFID deployment effectively. Performing an ROI study on RFID will allow a company to become reacquainted with current business processes and to mention opportunities for optimization (if RFID is decided to be used or not. Through analysis and calculations, in this process we examine every RFID abnormal area and assign to them associated value metrics in terms of quantifiable or intangible returns. However in order to obtain the information and data necessary to perform ROI calculations and value equations it is necessary to create a solid and detailed rich strategic plan comprised of but not limited to the following sections, Figure 2. pic Figure 2 Involved Steps of an RFID Strategic Plan 6. 1 Form Business TeamSince an RFID implementation will affect business process as well as technological change, it is beneficial that the business team up includes internal management personnel capable of RFID analysis from all related functional departments. Internal team members, working closely together with external experts and consultants, will be able to offer valuable procedural insight to the development and design of an RFID system. 6. 2 ascertain Scope and Assumptions A strategic plan should clearly define ho w RFID will affect the business and define key elements of RFID operation.A clear understanding of affected processes, departments, and areas of coverage, is essential. Assumptions are necessary to ensure a common understanding of how the RFID system will be implemented and what processes will be affected. 6. 3 Identify Strategic and Economic Benefits Benefits represent one of the most important factors in building an RFID business case. To determine justification and feasibility of an RFID system a company must summarize its expected strategic impacts and quantifiable benefits obtained through more efficient RFID enabled processes.Since strategic or intangible benefits can not be easily quantified, it is important for the company to articulate why an RFID introduction is important to business and have a clear understanding of its associated value. This is especially important for companies which place value on product or data visibility. Examples of strategic benefits include inter nal focus, industryleadership, and differentiation from its competitors, and product visibility. Quantifiable economical benefits can be tested through metrics and measured with calculations.Quantifiable benefits will vary with industry and RFID application but will generally be attributed to time or process improvements through automation and improved efficiency. 6. 4 Develop Business Process Models Process modeling consists of creating business-flow diagrams and use-cases to determine and quantify how RFID will impact those processes and associated applications. Adoption of RFID technology will most likely create new additional processing steps, and therefore modified business use cases will be introduced to reflect optimized RFID use.Some crampfish processes tycoon get streamlined and thus provide efficiency gains, whereas some other sub processes might need to include additional processing steps, which might impact their efficiency rates. The use cases associated with the impa cted and newly introduced processes can then be analyzed for benefit Lahiri, Sandip, Chapter 8. 6. 5 Determine Costs When considering ROI, one must consider the total cost of ownership rather than just the initial RFID hardware and tags costs.A complete RFID system includes not only hardware infrastructure, but also service such as design, development, deployment, maintenance, ongoing support, and training. Also to consider are the future costs as the system is scaled beyond its initial pilot or trial phase. Costs should also be associated with restructuring or introducing new business practices. 6. 6 Create an Implementation Road Map An implementation roadmap breaks up the complete RFID solution into a series of objective milestones within set time-frames.The main tasks involved in completing this step are developing a scale of implementation from trial or pilot stages to full deployment, and assigning associated metrics of costs and benefits with each stage of milestone. 6. 7 Crea te Business Case Finally all information should be compiled to form a business case. Each benefit should be associated with a level of impact and time to realization. The level of impact takes three factors into account whether a benefit generates revenue, mitigates risk, or reduces cost.We may assign low-impact to benefits that meet one factor and high-impact to benefits that meet dickens or more factors. Time frame is a time period in which the business will see benefit. Short term could be one to two years and long term three to five years. It is difficult to forecast beyond five years. 7. Criteria and Justification Metrics to Justify ROI In order to excuse the costs an RFID system it is vital a company complete RFID strategic plan contains quantifiablemetrics assigned to values of each area RFID impacts on including procedures and personnel to ensureRFID investments yield the greatestrate of return.Through study numerical analysis value equations and modeling, thevalue of vari ous RFID systems can be make apparent and determined to be financially feasible orcost prohibitive. It is important to present a cost benefit analysis in order to justify the investment in an RFID system and establish a clear ROI. Upon the closedown of the strategic plan, the quantified figures and resultant findings can be processed through value equations to justify and determine feasibility of an RFID system.However, ROI in many cases is not only found financially but also through intangible factors. In this case, VOI (Value of enthronement) should also be considered. Value of Investment is much more holistic approach to the benefits delivered and includes, next to the hard costs figures, the soft and difficult to measure benefits such as improved quality, staff moral and service perception, and customer loyalty. 8. Sample of RFID Justification through Case Study 8. 1 IntroductionThis example will show the Return on Investment (ROI) of an RFID solution for a company which sends shipments from its manufacturing plant to its distribution center. The system will be closed loop which means that the tags and their data will be limited to internal company use and will not be used beyond the limited area of distribution center. RFID technology will be used to help automate the transfer process. The overall objectives are Demonstrate how RFID technology may be utilized to improve the efficiency of the transfer of shipments. Demonstrate a case which is justifiable in cost due to positive ROI analysis. 8. 2 Background A companys distribution center is plagued by errors and inefficiencies when receiving shipments from the manufacturing plant. Especially problematic areas are delay in receiving palettes and loss of pallettes to be returned. 8. 3 Assigning Metrics to Processes Estimation time to extent (ETC) of items entering the distribution center, without and with RFID is described as in Table1. No. Process ETC Process with RFID ETC with RFID - - - Precondition RFID tags are0 sec affixed to pallets and individual items at the manufacturing plant. 1 Personnel scans barcode on pallet30 sec pallet is placed in RFID 5 sec to soundate order and manually reader portal and scanned compares to expected manifest along with all contained list. items.Order is checked automatically. 2 If pallet is valid expected 3 min If pallet is valid but found3 min personnel enters pallet as to have exception it is get and breaks open the broken own, all items are pallet automatically scanned and noted, and extra item is brought to return area. 3 Else pallet is disable it is 4 min Else pallet is invalid it is4 min moved to return area. moved to return area. 4 Personnel scans all individual 6 min - - bar-coded items to validate the pallet contains all ordered items 5 If item is invalid personnel 2 min per item - - manually notes this and places item in return section. 6 Else item is valid and is placed 6 seconds per itemElse pallet valid and all 1 min into real area to be moved contained items are present, into inventory section. (Pallet entire pallet is placed in contains 20 individual items. ) received area to be moved to inventory. Time to unload a pallet with no 11min, 30sec - 1min, 5sec invalid items Table 1 Estimated time to completion to process pallet at distribution center From Table 1, the estimated completion times (ETC) of Time to unload a pallet with no invalid items is 11min, 30sec without RFID, compared to 1min, 5sec with an RFID system. 8. 4 RFID Solution and Process Detail Placing RFID reader portals at the distribution centers dockside gate allows for automatic identification of all pallets and included pallet items to be scanned upon arrival.This would eliminate the manual steps of unpacking and checking each individual item separately before adding to inventory. An additional processing step of placing RFID labelin g on items and pallets before them leave the manufacturing plant would be occurred tho this would not affect distribution center processing time. 8. 5 RFID Benefits Incorporating RFID into the distribution center process provides the following quantifiable and intangible benefits Quantifiable benefits include Pallet processing time increased of 90%, Reduction of loss as all pallets due to total visibility, Labor savings, and Reduced keyboard entry errors Intangible benefits Neater mooring area, Improved work atmosphere 8. 6 Risks and complexityPotential risks and complexity associated with RFID implementation may include Tag Misread due to damaged tag, moisture on the pallet tag, or proximity to metal surfaces. Site evaluation and proper RFID technology can minimize this risk as well as running barcodes in parallel with the RFID tags. 8. 7 RFID Components and System Costs The proposed RFID system will require estimated infrastructure and services consisting of the following Desc ription Costs depleted $ Costs High $ Hardware/Software RFID gate portal reader (4) 28,000 40,000 RFID handheld readers (4) 6,000 8,000 Accessories Cables, etc 1,000 1,000 Servers and Accessories (5) 10,000 15,000 Software 30,000 50,000 RFID tags (10,000) Closed loop system, tags can be recycled 2,000 5,000 Integration Engineering, founding and Integration services, training, 60,000 100,000 maintenance (60 person days) Business Process Modification RFID tag application retooling at the manufacturing plant 35,000 55,000 Total 172,000 274,000 Table 2 Estimated RFID Costs 8. 8 Summary of Results Through RFID implementation if you compare the pallet processing times of Table 1, you can see that a savings of 10min, 25secs can be established per pallet. This is equivalent to a 90% increase in processing throughput times with the condition of a valid pallet and items. If the distribution center receives 500 pallets per day it can realize investment between 10 and 16 months depending on RFID costs, with assumed personnel costs of $10 hour and a 261 working-day per year calendar. If the distribution center is free of invalid pallets 95% of the time return on investment can be seen as in Table 3, as follows Pallets received perSavings per day Savings per day Savings per year ROI with low RFID costsROI with high RFID costs day (in $USD) (in $USD) (in months) (in months) (in hours) 300 49. 5 495 129,140 16 26 500 82. 5 824 215,234 10 16 700 115. 5 1155 301,328 7 11 Table 3 Time to ROI Sample calculations are as follows for 500 pallets received per day 11min,30sec * 500 pallets = 690sec * 500 = 345000sec. 1min,30sec * 25 pallets = 690sec * 25 = 17250sec. 1min, 5sec * 475 pallets = 65sec * 475 = 30875sec 17250+30875 = 48125sec 345000sec 48125sec = 296875sec 296875sec/3600 = 82. 46hr, round to 82. 5hours 82. 46hr*$10=$824. 65/day , round to $824 824. 65*261=$215,233. 65/year 215,234. 38/172,000=1. 27 0. 79*12=9. 58, roun d to 10months 215,234. 38/$274,000=0. 799 1. 27*12=15. 27, round to 16months Once RFID familiarity has been gained and estimated metrics have been realized, RFID may be moved to other areas of the company such as the picking from inventory at the distribution center, or some other RFID application at manufacturing center itself.However, the processes, equipment, results, and lessons learned will be applicable to other distribution centers, and acquired knowledge may be applied to other potential cost saving areas. 9 Conclusion The capabilities and limitations of RFID much be understood on a technical level, but also on a business procedural level to determine how RFID will ultimately impact on business. The decision to implement an RFID system must be carried out diligently with ROI equations. Also important to consider is intangible value which may not be apparent on a balance sheet. RFID is ultimately a business tool like many other IT options and to access its maximum capability, a company must have solid business procedures and plans in place. References Lahiri, Sandip (2005, August). RFID Sourcebook. Prentice Hall PTR.ISBN 0-13-185137-3 Larsson, Bjorn & Qviberg, Ola (2004, December). Evaluation and Justification of an RFID Implementation Pilot at IKEA node Distribution Centre. Master thesis LiTH-EKI-EX04/083SE Institute of technology Linkoping University Department of Management and Economics Industrial Engineering and Management Sweeney, Patrick J. II (2005). RFID for Dummies. Wiley Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-7645-7910-X Ustundag, A. Cevikcan, E. (2007, October). Return on Investment Analysis for Evaluation of RFID Implementation on Cargo Operations, Istanbul Tech. Univ. , Istanbul Appears in RFID Eurasia, 2007 1st Annual Publication Date 5-6 Sept. 007 ISBN 978-975-01566-0-1 INSPEC Accession Number 9777002 Digital physical object Identifier 0. 1109/RFIDEURASIA. 2007. 4368145 Date Published in Issue 2007-10-29 Internet 1 Association for Automatic Identifi cation and Mobility. What is RFID? Retrieved September 2, 2008 from http//www. aimglobal. org/technologies/RFID/what_is_rfid. asp 2 Axios Systems. (2007, March) Return on Investment Fact or Fairy Tale? White Paper. Version 1. 1. 0 Retrieved September 5, 2008 from http//www. axiossystems. com/six/shared/downloads/pdf/ROI_fact_or_fairy_tale. pdf 3 Miles Technologies. Common Applications Using RFID for Asset tracking and Other Applications. Retrieved September 5, 2008 from

Dr. Greger’s Vehement Atkins Critique Fails the Test of Science

The vehement and vitriol-filled critique of the Atkins sustenance By Dr. Michael Greger contains plenty of criticism, but almost no science. Despite his litany of experts opinions, Dr. Greger offers no scientific basis for his criticism, and his arguments against the fodder are sometimes quite specious. Dr. Gregor offers little more than a litany of causeities whose prima fascia condemnations of the Atkins Diet also fail the fundamental tests of science, and in many an(prenominal) cases, illustrate the ignorance of those offering critique.Officials such as the President of the American College of Nutrition, as well as the unnamed chief health officer of Maryland are quoted with out-of-context condemnations of the dieting that offer no insight as to how their conclusions are made. Chairs of various medical departments are similarly quoted, condemning the Atkins Diet as nonsense whose author is committing malpractice. In a transparent attempt at fairness, Dr. Greger offers some o f Atkins own public statements in support of his diet, and bases them to ridicule.Also read thisCritique of immobilize Is Not SalvationHe counters Atkins dismissal of nutritionists by reciting another litany of professionals who have criticized the diet. Mr. Gregers argument seems to boil down to heres a angle of inclination of smart people who agree with me. Sadly, Dr. Gregers criticism could have been done in several far more effective flairs with the simple application of basic scientific method. He would have been wiser to conduct a think and offer a conclusion based on evidence, rather than relying on uncorroborated statements by other authorities. Dr. Greger offers two hypotheses, both of which could be tested using the scientific method.The lesser of the two hypotheses is that the Atkins Diet is ineffective in its stated coating of sustained weight loss. The best way to do this would be with a controlled study of two groups, each of whom would use the Atkins Diet for a fixed finis of time. Then one group, the experimental one, would continue with the diet, while the control group would abandon it. Continuing monitoring of the weight situation would then indicate whether this diet was effective in the long term, whether a person continues it or not. There are several pitfalls that one could run up against in such an experiment.First, the subject group must be one that is not using any other method of weight control (i. e. exercise, pills, etc. ). Since such a study would, by definition, be longitudinal, the experimenter would have to rely on self-report on this and other aspects of controlling variables. It is well known that self-report can yield questionable results when utilized as the sole measure of variables, particularly in an emotionally charged subject such as weight-loss. The primary dangers could be misreporting diet activities out of embarrassment.Randomization across groups should limit the corruption of data as a result of such co nsiderations. In addition to the practical limits with long-term studies, such as subjects dropping out, and extra sample Dr. Greger in particular would be wise to be aware of the possibly of observer bias, or design bias. His own strong opinions of the efficacy and risks to the subjects of this diet would be likely to taint his conclusions and possibly the methodology itself. The second and more sweeping of Dr. Gregers hypotheses is the notion that the Atkins Diet is hazardous to the health of the practitioners.Direct experimentation or even observation of existing data would be extremely problematic. Obviously, subjecting Human subjects to a hypothetically harmful diet would be considered to be unethical, and basing conclusions on antidotal or even case study data contains its own sets of hazards. In Dr. Gregers case, he would be almost certain to cherry-pick cases that support his hypothesis. This whitethorn prove to be especially difficult given that most people, upon developi ng negative health consequences from a diet, would likely stop using the diet. The best way for Dr.Greger to test this second hypothesis would be to simply take existing data on nutritional necessities for long-term health, and determine if the Atkins Diet calls for nutrition that reflects these requirements. In that way, Dr. Gereger would be able to point to some data, rather than relying on the opinions of experts in the field. While consensus of opinion in the scientific community can be a compelling argument for a particular hypothesis, by itself, it fails to persuade nearly as much as would the sensible application of the scientific method.

Introduction to Computer Application & Systems Essay

Introduction to Computer Application & Systems March 6, 2012 Dr. Xuan Yu ? Technology has bypast from the days of the pony express to advancing at a rate of a mile a minute to now evolving to what seems like the speed of dismay or faster. With much(prenominal) a fast paced environment of change in technology, policies and laws must adapt to be compatible to those advancements in order to provide the ruff method to govern the laws and policies and protect its spate.This paper will explore how technological advancements have influenced crucial changes in two essential policies the Electronic Communications retirement Act (ECPA) and the Electronic Funds Transfer Act (EFTA). The Electronic Communications screen Act, an extension of the Federal Wiretap Statute, was endorsed in 1986 (Justice Information Sharing, 2010). This was a essential implementation with how technology was diversifying ways to communicate and share information.In order to oversee and safeguard technological adv ancements such as email, cordless and cell echo communications, and electronically stored data the federal government had to amend and sometimes put into operation new policies. These policies, like the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, minimize numerous ethical issues that came along with the development of these advancements.As technology experimented with ideals such as wireless connection, it gave way to many unethical and at times illegal practices. honourable issues that the Electronic Communications Privacy Act had to address included accessibility and privacy information could be shared outside the confinement of a souls home or business. The government needed to find a way that would control and guard how this information was access, collected and stored.Implementing the Electronic Communications Privacy Act allowed government officials to include devices outside the scope of the Federal Wiretap Statute. Eight years before the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, financial businesses latched on to this idea of transferring information which cause governmental official to step in and implement the Electronic Funds Transfer Act. This ct is intended to protect people who engage in transferring and sharing private financial information such as bank account numbers and personal information through devices such as automated teller machines (ATMs) and point-of-sale terminals

Social Mobility vs Structural Mobility vs Exchange Mobility

Social mobility refers to flip in an individuals social class present either mingled with their own and their parents social class or over the course of their working career. Social mobility has taken place between my granny, my mother, and me. My grandmother did non finish high school and she became an apartment manager. My mom finished high school and was able to start her own cleaning employment. I am presently attending college and I work for a nonprofit organization as a disability services professional.My mom experienced upward social mobility. My grandmother managed an apartment complex for most of her life. My mom was more successful than her mother. My mom finished school and went on to start and run her own cleaning business. I am currently on my way up the success ladder to experience upward social mobility. I am currently attending college for business administration. When I am finished, I hope to be a successful business woman. Within the past three generations of my family, we reserve not experienced either downward social mobility.My mom was able to be more successful than her mother and I plan to be more successful than my mother. Structural mobility refers to change in society that allows large numbers of multitude to move up or down the class ladder. Structural mobility has also taken place between my grandmother, my mother, and me. My mother go up the social class ladder because she was more successful than her mother. Because she was more successful, she had a broader social class of friends. I also moved upward on the social class ladder.With todays society, it is much harder to find a social class to fit in to. I have been fortunate enough to have a numerous variety of friends from different social classes because I attend college, and because of my work profession. Exchange mobility occurs when large numbers of people move up and down the social class ladder, but, on balance, the proportions of the social classes remain about t he same. Right now, I do not think that my family is experiencing flip mobility.It seems that our social classes are not balancing out. Since my mother moved up the ladder and I am also moving up the ladder that nub my families current social classs ratio is 21. If I have a daughter later on in life, she will commence the fourth generation of my family. If my daughter was unable to be as successful as I am, that would mean that she would move down the social class ladder. This would get up our family experience exchange mobility because our social classs ratio would then be 22.

Final Team Paper

Business interrogation Method I Timothy Trautman, Kawaun White, Guillermo Lecca, and Germaine Washington QNT/561 January 15, 2013 Dr. Anthony Matias Abstract The look into statement and motive that will be analyzed is how to recycle at Starbucks in the most cost effective and efficient method. The club is facing multiple challenges but barriers from municipalities and rearing employees are two of its most difficult challenges. The methodology and interrogation is based on the action research design and will detail how we get our resultants.The result of our research indicates that recycling will be successful depending on the belief of the employee and customers. The conclusion of the analysis will show that recycling may be a personal preference but if the company erect produce data that verifies its environmental and financial benefits people may support the idea. Starbucks Business Research Method I The objective of this analysis is to research a question that applies to a chosen organization.The research will include an explanation of the operational definitions, parasitical variables, independent variables, and characteristics specifics to our research. In addition, the analysis will also identify, analyze and research these objectives while conveying how they relate to real life applications. Starbucks will be the concentrate of the research and the operational dilemma will be recycling and how to implement it as effectively as possible. Organizational Dilemma Research Question Starbucks is a company that believes in the importance of recycling.Although, the wreak seems to possess a straight forward inaugural in reference to recycling, there is a vast bill of material wasted that have some employees disgusted with Starbucks as an organization. But while recycling seems like a simple, straightforward initiative, its actually highly challenging. Not only are there municipal barriers to successful recycling in many cities, but it takes signific ant changes in behavior to get it right. unitary wrong item in a recycle bin can render the entire can unrecyclable to the hauler. (Starbucks 2012) Research Design In performing research for Starbucks recycling efforts, staff members will study a variety of methods that will incorporate information to ensure that the appropriate cycling is performed. The action research design would best describe the type of research to perform for this case study. This type of research design follow a characteristic cycle whereby initially an exploratory stance is adopted, where an understanding of a problem is developed and plans are made for some form of interventionary strategy.Then the intervention is carried appear (the action in natural process Research) during which time, pertinent observations are collected in various forms (Types of Research Design, 2013). This research will help the staff understand why and how the recycling method for Starbucks could be a good benefit for the company and the customers. Characteristics 1. Use for work or community situations. 2. Look to find a solution rather than testing out the main subject of the possible problem. 3.This will show how recycling is well known to use whether on a personal or business level in order to reserve and gain. 4. The researcher will non leave out any information whether bias or not. The type of research apply allowed the staff of Starbucks will to show customers how recycling is very important to the company and the environment. Expressing the honest beliefs to recycling will let the public see how each shape sold should be recycled and in return the concerns of high pricing for Starbucks items would have the advantage to have a reduction. Dependent variableThe concern of making certain that the ready technique of recycling is taking place, this will involve each person. The research will show dependent variables because either customer will have the initiative to take part in a life-changing event . Even if Starbucks makes recycling a requirement to customers, in place of service, the customer still has the right to want to participate. When the process of recycling is in process the location that takes up the bins at that time will have the opportunity to make sure that each item is localise into the correct place.Operational definition The data to collect from those customers recycling versus the customers who are not choosing to recycle will lead to a strong belief to Starbucks company that those customers who are passionate about the environment may not care to recycle. While there will be the data to collect from the customers that do not have the understanding of how recycling will help high prices for the cup of coffee purchased every morning. Conclusion The researcher for Starbucks should always take into consideration that every customer has his or her own opinion.Whether he or she wants to take a part of making sure that every recyclable item is done aright Starbu cks is wasting the effort of what the company is doing for the environment. He or she will have to show customers and give more feedback as to why the customer and the company can continue to profit from recycling. References Starbucks (2012). Recycling and reducing waist. Retrieved form http//www. starbucks. com/responsibility/environment/recycling Types of Research Design. (2013). Retrieved from http//libguides. usc. edu/content. php? pid=83009&sid=818072

Charitable organization

The website is utilize to let the people know about their shop in more expatiate e. G. Hat do they do, donations, collections and so on. Site search is easy to access Major Headings Are Clear & Descriptive glide Labels Are Clear & Concise TV (advertisements) Marketing Finance They used TV for advertisements to convey a message for their customers e. G. What is British Heart Foundation is for etc. Basically, to market a product or service. fuel easily identify the topic Trying to show the qualities of the product or service the commercial is hard to sell. To convince the target audience to buy a product or to give.Posters To inform about their products they exchange to their customers. To persuade customers to come and visit the shop. Sales Discounts Half-price Special offers Face to face Sales They lambast to the customers personally about what they do, how to present clothes and how to contact them and also to get involved to help others. glib words More information Forma l used of language Leaflets They used leaflet to reach customers in their homes. Basically, its not a phone call that will annoy them when theyre relaxing or chilling.Direct (whoso it for? ) For people wants to donate clothes phone number(s) email address business address Phone call want to donate clothes or you want them to collect it. Phone call is easier to contact them. You can contact them anyplace you like A phone call gives you more time to communicate Allows you to confirm and check details quickly. Email A way of communicating to someone by ordering messages and a way to send important documents. Easy to use The language used in emails is simple Formal/landforms language

Christian Foundations By: Kathleen Fischer & Thomas Hart Essay

M both people would agree that without reliance, the world would be in chaos. The harbour Christian Foundation by Kathleen Fischer and Thomas Hart gives an variation on faith in our time. M whatever people would question the definition of faith. Faith is a gift, which is given by idol to dumbfound trust in him and feel in him. This take is a great entry in any geniuss life that has speculation on his or her own faith. The book has umteen ways into dateing ones own religion. It discusses the Bible, Jesus, Church, immortals mankind and Images of God. All of these chapters military serviceed me get a better interpretation of what my religion entailed.To understand God you must initiatory get a decent understanding of the bible. The bible has been translated from the original languages of Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic. It now exists in every language fill inn to man. It excessively re mains to be the best change book in the world. In the book they ask the question, Why is this book so important? (Pp. 47). head to fully understand that question, you mystify to know what the bible entails. The bible is divided into two study infracts, the sr. Testament and the New Testament. The word Testament means covenant. Both books are extremely different. However, they both help develop a better understanding of faith.The Old Testament is composed of six historical books, ternion Major Prophets, twelve Minor Prophets, thirteen writings and seven books of the second discounton. These books are in all part of a revelation unlike any other(a). The Old testaments purpose is to give us focus. God wants to distinguish what we could never discover on our own. It also gives us heroes who helped believers see that God did exist. One major story, that everyone has in all likelihood heard a million times, is the story of Moses. Moses is recognized for the saving of his people from Egypt. The Old Testament also shows how God created the world and how he wants u s to act in his world.In the New Testament the main focus is on the four evangel, which take place in the life span of Jesus. It is written by four disciples of Jesus, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. The New Testament focuses on Jesus life, how he was sent to be our Savior, his healing miracles and teachings of his father. The first three gospel truths show a huge resemblance to each other. Theyare called synoptical gospels. The book defines this as being able to line them up in parallel columns. The fourth gospel by John has a character of its own. He only has about eight percent of synoptic material. John is set to be the only one of the four to have a distinctive interpretation of Jesus. The book uses this example when John describes Jesus washing of the feet at the last supper. Johns rendering of the last supper goes on for five chapters, enabling him to be the most distinctive.Another great part of this book is the breakdown in the importance of Jesus. Jesus has great significa nce in religion. To me, Jesus is the key subdivision to understanding religion. He was very different from other heroes in the bible. For Jesus is the essence of a major part of religions creation. He has been called other names such as Christ or the Messiah. Jesus was sent by God to deliver us from evil. Through Jesus preaching, he express that he was the reign of God that had been sent to be our savior. He was executed for political charges of Blasphemy by Roman authorities. Blasphemy is claiming the power of God. He was crucified through Pontius Pilate, who was convinced that Jesus was harmless, and gave his people a scene to declare Jesus innocent.Under the pressure of the crowd, Pilate sends Jesus to his death. Jesus was crucified with an inscription over his head that deal Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews. After his death, he was laid to rest in the tomb of a squiffy friend. The real revelation takes place a few days after his death where he is seen liveborn by many witnesses and individual groups of people who grieved his passing. People who witnessed his resurrection believe that God raised him from the dead to be glorified, and that his message was to be preached to the ends of the earth. Jesus death was an act of love that represents his final testimony to his trust in the faithful and loving God he proclaimed as his father.The beginning of church is said to have risen from the resurrection of Jesus. In incident after the Pentecost, the disciples were celebrating the blessing given to Moses at Mount Sinai in which he experienced the presence of God. After this experience, the disciples were believed to be bold, understanding and Courageous. These characteristics till this day are still famous on Pentecost Sunday and are used for the sacrament of Confirmation, which isreceiving the responsibility of a Christian and accepting the divine tactile sensation. Church has been the backbone of peoples faith. It has given them a comforting home t o pray and be one with God. Today, however, more people are practicing faith outside the church. The majority of followers believe in God and life after death, however, many have lack of interest in the church.Church must be looked as a community of disciples. The book uses a suggestion from a Roman Catholic theologian Avery Dulles. He suggests, that most appropriate moving picture of the church for our times is the church as a community of disciples(pp. 157). I totally agree with his suggestion. In order for Christians to find fulfillment in ones faith, one must help others understand their faith. We need to be grounded in grace by being a Christian community your focus on believing is responding freely to a personal call and reminds us that we ourselves are the church. Church should be places where any one could feel comfortable praying and receiving Christ.It is so amazing to know that even at an early age you believe in God. We start believing in the populace of God as early a s the age of two. As we get older and realize the other eras in life that have occurred, such as science and other advancements, we start to develop admiration and doubt. We have the desire for questions to be performed. Is in that location truly a greater life out there for me? Does God truly exist? There are three beliefs in God atheism, agnosticism, and theism. Atheism is the belief that there is no God. Agnosticism is a person who simply doesnt know if there is a God. And last but not least, theism, which is a person that believes that God does truly exist.Although there are many evidences that God exist, there are many hints in which lead to an existence. Some examples of Gods existence are the testimony of Conscience, where we feel ourselves bound by certain moral obligations (pp. 21). Its interesting when we obey them how we feel at peace. We dont feel guilty or troubled in any way. Another example is time, in which the Hebrew scriptures record a period of some 2000 year s (pp. 22). We have seen countless generations of various circumstances and belief in the same God. Faith in some people is so recognizable that it has made an extreme impact on their lives.Images of God come from the fact that no one has ever physically seen God.Although many people have claimed to experience God, he remains a mystery. Jesus shared images of God with his disciples when he preached but never gave a explanation of his appearance, which leaves us to use our imagination. He just paints pictures by presenting images of action. Biblical images of God are presented in two different aspects theologians have used personal ones, which are masculine and Feminine. In a masculine image God is presented as a King, Lord, Warrior, Master and a Judge, and Father, which have all predominately been traits of a male. When they describe God of a feminine image, they present God as a women giving birth. Sometimes the Holy Spirit and Christ are reflected in female images as well (pp. 34 ). There are also neutral images where God is described as a rock, shield, fortress, water, mountain, light, or as a great protecting bird. practice session this book gave me a great explanation to my own faith. Some of my own questions were in the book and helped me answer them clearly and concisely. Recently I have found doubt in my own belief. In fact coming to the realization of that, it is very natural for a college student to have doubts in their own faith. It gave me swear that one day I allow for understand religion. Religion must come naturally and cant be forced on any individual at any time. The sad thing is that the majority of the time people instill faith and interpretation on individuals, thinking that this will add up them salvation and peace of mind. However, it leaves people confused and doubtful. The book made me see that each individual will have their own quest for pith and purpose of their own faith.When you read this book you will also know that the under standing of God will not only come out of one book and that Jesus life and teaching is an on going challenge and process of interpretation. As you grow the meaning of certain scriptures become different. Every time you read the bible you will incorporate a sweet meaning or a new interpretation. The bible reflects our own life and destiny. Therefore it becomes inevitable that any person will read the bible and get the same meaning. God made us all to be different and that I guess is his true acknowledgment to us. IndividualityIn conclusion faith is the most important part of religion. Christian Foundations helps you see what faith is, it helps develop and answer yourown struggles in religion. And gives you a balanced foundation of what being a Christian entails. The book is very clear education and is very knowledgeable. It will help you see a new light in the path to God and his existence. In order to live productive religious lives, one must have spiritual steering and wisdom. I believe this book is a great first step to this challenge.

Hamlet- Shakespeare dramatises the tension between Passion and Reason Essay

Acts of displeasure and fares of fence can be differentiated by a sense of implicit in(p) tension, Shakespe ars crossroads published in 1601 explores these universal ideologies by dramatizing this underlying tension. critical point presents ch whollyenging representations of the tralatitious determine of animosity and evidence by with(predicate) their varying forms. The representation of these concepts coupled with dramatic tension conflicts with conventional plots of the Elizabethan era thus creating a sense of enduring value. The various depictions of dramatized tension that underpin the bestow, allows issues of mania and reason to flourish throughout as is the intention of Shakespeare. Tension emphasises how acts of passion must incorporate elements of reason in order to confirm that the act is in fact righteous. This is true to the philosophical outlook of Humanism, during Shakespearean prison terms, a practice that emphasized reason and human fulfilment in the n atural world ofttimes rejecting sacred beliefs. Hamlet struggles with acting in accordance with his Humanist elements or reverting back to his traditional religious ways, Act One, video V, effectively introduces this link between passion and reason exacerbated through underlying tension. The device of the Ghost initially symbolises the disruption of the Great Chain of Being on which the Elizabethan caller of the epoch was founded due to the tension created by the passionate crime of Claudius for the throne. The Ghost explicitly introduces these concepts through its initial contact with Hamlet and its repetitious, blunt terminology So art thou to revenge, when thou shalt hear. Hamlets love for his father allows him to inherit this want to commit the passionate act, evident through his metaphorical language which depicts his submission to his fathers will Haste me to knowt, that I with wings as fast as meditation or the judgments of love may sweet to my revenge. Hamlets response is teetotal and juxtaposes itself as notions of tension heighten his self-division to act with desire or intent.Though Hamlet wishes to act passionately, his religious beliefs which condemn ghosts along with his Humanist beliefs to not act without purpose lead to his state of inaction. The scene elucidates how reason has aided his prolonged struggle between his identity as a Renaissance Man of opinion and Chivalric Man of action. This representation of passion and reason dramatized by tensionallows the play to develop demonstrating how acts of these emotions are riddled with ardent desire that is plagued with logic of Shakespearian autonomy. According to conventions of Elizabethan Theatre braggart soldiers commonly played the role of the protagonist, Shakespeare challenges this by employing an intellectual scholar as the lead. Through the character of Hamlet, Shakespeare crafts passion as a catalyst to act by the requests of the ghost, however portrays the intellectualisation of reason as an inhibitor of this will to act. Hamlets soliloquy in Act Two, Scene II, exhibits the dilemma of the human condition through his mental tension between public and private duty caused by the love for King Hamlet. Hamlet ironically exclaims O what a rogue and peasant slave I am, chiding and degrading his principals and stamina. Hamlets conflict is depicted through rhetorical questions which connote doubt and the direct address of images articulation of hell, illuminating the confusion of definite morals as a product of reason Whats Hecuba to him, or he to Hecuba, that he should weep for her?. Hamlets repetition of Hecuba alludes to his questioning of Christianity and religious faith which reflects the Elizabethan society of the epoch.Hamlet evidently creates an argument against himself creating a distinguishable divide in thought process, indicated through the conjunction, Yet I. This product of contemplation is portrayed as the driving force of the conflicted soul of Ha mlet. hap motifs of emptiness And all for nothing?, And can say nothing, and the repetition of nothing creates a alternating(prenominal) tone in argument that reinforces contemplation as a form of procrastination from concluding the rival with Claudius, thus highlighting the dichotomy between action and inaction and subsequently passion and reason. Hamlets confliction is further exacerbated as he metaphorically states that he is prompted to my revenge by promised land and hell, must similar a whore unpack my heart with words. Consequently blurring the divide between moral and immoral actions as his revenge has been instigated by heaven in its war against the working of hell, visible in Claudiuss achievements. This presents a challenging view of desire and motivation can be halted by reason. Hamlets video as continually self-berating and his inaction are counter-acted by the concluding rhyming couplet The plays the thing where in Ill catch the conscience of the King. The rhythm of the metaphor alters and gains momentum and speed asHamlet is presumably spurred into action emphasising the developing tension, presenting another challenging dimension to the concept of influence on moral and corrupt supremacy in the 17th century.The play captivates audiences as it presents the light and shade surround the complexities of passion and reason, as presented through the dramatized tension allowing the responder to question the values of the time. Order and Hierarchy were customary aspects in Elizabethan society, Shakespeare usurps this concept making it a key source of tension throughout the play. In Hamlet, Claudiuss passion for male monarch causes him to commit regicide, an act regarded as sinful at the time and thus causes his emotions of remorse which challenge the nature of his Machiavellian character and defined distinctions of morals. In Act Three, Scene III, Claudius, uncharacteristically overcome by a deep sense of guilt soliloquises metaphorically confes sing Oh my offence is rank, it smells to heaven and hath the primal eldest curse upont, a brothers murder. The biblical allusion to Cain and Abel reinforces the religious undertones which contribute to Claudiuss realisation of his fatally flawed morality caused by his notions of reason and identity as a Machiavellian character. The combination of Christian and Pagan imagery further connotes the notion of tension, challengingly strengthening the passion for self and power as the cause of rivalry and self-division through reason. Through the alliterative comparative adjective My fonder guilt defeats my strong intent, and like a man to double business bound, Claudiuss internal struggle is revealed through the simile as he is trapped between the dichotomy of two alternatives which are driven by Hamlets intent to obtain revenge. The notion of defeat also suggests battle which connotes his enthrallment of his midland conflict produced by passion. These literary devices are thus used to emphasise the universality and value of the divers(prenominal) perceptions of passion and reason presented.Furthermore, through the soliloquy of Claudius the valued ideologies which plague thought are depicted as a product of the passion of power. Claudiuss crime exemplifies the fundamentally corrupt nature of the Divine castigate of King. The hyperbolic interplay of juxtaposing light and dark imagery in the metaphoric rhetorical question What if this cursed exceed were thicker than itself with brothers blood, is there not rain enough in the sweet heavens to rinse it white as snow? illustrates the irrevocable evil that Claudiushas committed in the murder of King Hamlet, an act of passion later questioned by notions of reason. It is additionally a mortal sin, biblically in all cultures and eras to commit murder, bestowing the play with its universality. Claudius concludes the soliloquy through the exploration of binary opposites and religious allusions My words fly up, my thought s remain below. Words without thought never to heaven go, which reinforce Claudiuss deliberate humanisation, contributing to the complexity which underpins the characterisation of all Shakespearean characters and reflective of the notions of reason present during the Elizabethan era.This complexity illuminates the challenging presentation of the traditional values of passion and rivalry. Hamlet is hence a universally valued text because of its diverse representation of traditional values which challenge the audience. Through the initial introduction to the Ghost the intertwining nature of passion and reason unresolved through tension, challenges the notion of these concepts as separate values. The soliloquising of Hamlet in Act Two, depicts the over intellectualisation of passion as a product of reason, and its devastating consequences conveying a less idealised view of passion which challenges audiences. Moreover, the soliloquising of Claudius in Act Three further reveals an act o f passion as a product of reason, presenting a diverse challenging perspective. These notions which oppose tradition bestow Hamlet with its value derived from its universality.

Hamlet †historical and political context Essay

The political and religious turbulencys before and aft(prenominal) the death of Henry VIII had left their mark on the people of England. The King had done preliminary un-heard of things He had divorced two wives and had had two executed. In the brief reigns which followed, persecution, first of the Catholics and then of Protestants, split family allegiances and brought real real danger of imprisonment, torture, even execution. Claimants for the thrown jockeyed for position. Queen Elizabeth I came to the throne in 1558 the first successor to her father, Henry Viii had been his young son Edward, ten years of age.As he was still actually much under age, he had to rule through Regents. They persisted with the Protestant reforms instituted by his father afterwards his shit with the Roman Catholic. Edward died six years after coming to the throne. He was succeeded by his half-sister bloody shame (Tudor), who died childless after five years as Queen. She had tried to reinstate Roma n Catholicism as the state religion. Elizabeth, Marys half sister, although not considered a legitimate heir to the throne, became Queen in 1558 and ruled for 45 years.Although she had been brought up as a Protestant she understood that in view of the recent religious upheaval some compromises some compromises had to be made. The country needed stability and a strong ruler. Her life had been in danger before she became Queen and there were the inevitable conspiracies to usurp her position. The tragic figurehead of one of these and the inclination of Elizabeths suspicion and jealousy for more years was Mary, Queen of Scots Elizabeth at first unploughed her under arrest but eventually had her executed in 1587.Late in her reign, in 1601, the Earl of Essex, erst her favorite, made his bid for power. He failed in his attempt to cause a popular up rising, was put away and executed. It is not difficult to trace this atmosphere of suspicion and treachery in Hamlet, nor the reassuring p romise to royalty contained in the suggestion at the end of the play that strong and humane rule will be reasserted. There were also serious threats from abroad. In 1588 Phillip II of Spain sent the Armada, a large flyt of ships, seafaring up the Channel in an attempt to conquer England by force.Another unusual threat was marriage. Elizabeth ceaselessly resisted attempts by her counselors to contract any politically advantageous marriage and she died unmarried, naming James, her Scottish cousin, already constituted for many years as King in Scotland, as her successor. Social and Context Elizabeth I create on the foundations laid by her father and grandfather until her power, the power of the Crown, was almost unquestioned.To help achieve the protective covering which she and the country, needed it was important to encourage an articulate and educated aristocracy. Education and in particular authorised lore assumed a fresh importance. In the grammar schools it is assumed th at Shakespeare attended the Stratford Grammar school- Latin Language and literature were canvass prose and verse, composition, rhetoric, orations and declamations. Much was learnt by heart and in the upper school Greek was added.Shakespeares knowledge of the classical theatre, poetry and legend is evident throughout his whole body of work. How does this relate to Hamlet? The Players speech, which Hamlet has cogitateed, is part of the Dido and Aeneas story, the sack of Troy and the slaying of King Priam. Also, Hamlet and Horatio have been fellow-students at the University of Wittenberg. The others, to traverse the ghost, call upon Horatio.Hamlet clearly wanted to return to Wittenberg, to turn his back on the whole federal agency at the castle, and possibly to become a perpetual student and scholar until his father demands the revenge which he is unfitted to deliver. Exploration There was vitality a fresh interest in foreign countries in the sixteenth part century and exploration by sea had led to an increase in foreign trade. European foreign countries hardly seemed far away.Laertes lives very happily in Paris, away from his fathers influence. Hamlet is nonchalantly packed off by his uncle to a planned death in England. There was an extension of devour and an opening up to fresh influences, which included a new vocabulary of classical and foreign words. Printed books and pamphlets circulated more widely, so that information was more easily obtained. The Elizabethan age was establishing a feeling of national partnership and confidence. At the same time an increase in prosperity and a raising standard of liveness for many.This prosperity was also reflected in the newly built theatres and the audiences who flocked to entertainments of all kinds This is not to say that dissent and uncomfortableness did not exist. There will still disputes over religion and new ideas can be sorry as well as exciting. Persecution of religious minorities of the master(pren ominal)land caused a large influx of refugees from France and the Netherlands. It is also important to remember that some of the entertainments mentioned above were public executions. Bloodthirsty pastimes such as bull- and bear- baiting were popular.The streets were filthy and away from the main thoroughfares, in the poorer parts of the city, they resembled open sewers and rubbish dumps. The plague, spread by black rats, struck in 1592 when it ruin the city for two years, and again in 1603, wiping out whole families and forcing those Londoners who could afford to do so to flee to the country. Theatres and all public places of entertainment were closed down. This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our AS and A Level Hamlet section.

Site Finding And Planning For Wind Farms Environmental Sciences Essay

Finding a transmit circulating(prenominal) evoke patch is a hoodwink act where many, frequently conflicting, issues need to be considered and balanced before a determination to develop a possible commit is taken. At the most basic degree, after snip uping that the end product from a tonal pattern flow power travail mess be sold at an acceptable pecuniary value, the following ar the acerb trials for any possible information1.Is gridiron affiliation probably to be cost in force(p) for the coveted size of development?2.Is the activate real alternative adequate?3.Will the parturiency be able to obtain all the licenses necessary for the air current uprise to be built?4.Is entree to the station and building of the air current farm likely to be cost effectual?5.Can the rights to the land be secured?A good outlook that the reply to all of the above trials testament be positive is a pre-requisite for doing the investing necessary to gain a undertaking, although necess arily early determinations need to be made on uncomplete information. A Each of the issues is considered in a little more specific to a lower placeGrid connexionWhen looking for a site, propinquity to a medium electromotive force grid is a good initial index that an tolerate connexion is practical. The following phase of the procedure is to keep treatments with the seize electric authorization. A The consequences of such(prenominal) treatments will normally bespeak a cap, or a serial of caps on the upper limit ins long-stalkeded capacity at a possible site which are associated with more and more more dearly-won grid connexion scenarios. A Some cypher analysis by the electrical authorization, at the cost of the developer, may be necessary before even approximative figures are available. A The presence of merely a high electromotive force line near to a little or average air current farm may non be helpful as the cost of connexion to such a grid may be prohibitory.Wind Resource It is hard to usualize how outperform to measure the air current resource at a possible air current farm site when no site air current informations are available, as different supposes have markedly different air current governments. A Some general regulations, for which there are many noteworthy exclusions, are listed belowGood exposure, peculiarly in the prevailing air current way, will well infract the resource at a site.The rate at which wind velocity reduces off from the countries of a site with the best exposure should non be underestimated. AAn ideal hill would hold smooth inclines of around 17 A grades gradient. Steeper inclines do non give signifi elicitt extra sweetening of the air current flow scarcely stern do separation of the flow which complicates the air current conditions at a site. A scurvy flora at and around a site retards the air current flow less than tall flora. A However, a site with good exposure and little trees is likely to tear out better than a site with hapless exposure and no trees. ABuilding licensesKey issues will change between parts and states just common sense indicates that countries with particular appellations are best avoided. A Low visibleness from cardinal countries of abode or diversion is besides desirable. A If there are homes within a few snow metres of the air current farm site make noise or shadow lighting may turn out an insurmountable job in some states. A Turbines can interfere with electromagnetic telecommunications signals. A The presence of a telecommunications mast at a site or such signals which cross a site may therefore perplex the procedure of obtaining a edifice license. A A cheque for beam communications should besides be made which may non be evident from visual review.EntreeThe distance to the near route entree and the complexness of the terrain will well act upon the capital cost of the undertaking. ALand handinessLand handiness varies from state to state but a possible site wher e there are comparatively few landholders and landholders who can give sole rights to the developer is the ideal state of affairs.The job of site happening lends itself good to a careful and elaborate Geographical Information System ( GIS ) based attack where air current atlases, an electrical grid map, roads, environmental appellations and other tinards can all be input and the optimum sites delimit. A In pattern, nevertheless, a more matter-of-fact attack may good turn out more appropriate.2. WIND nurture LAYOUT DESIGNThe air current farm layout is typically purported utilizing a professional air current farm conception bundle. A Such tools allows for an effectual loop and optimization of the cardinal parametric quantities for the layout.Preliminary layout design at one time a site has been identified and the determination has been taken to put in its development the air current farm design process commences. A This is necessarily an iterative procedure. A The first undertak ing is to specify the restraints on the developmentMaximum installed capacity ( due to grid connexion or Power Purchase Agreement footings ) position boundarySet dorsums from roads, homes, overhead lines, ownership boundaries etc.Environmental restraintsLocation of noise and shadow spark subtle homes, if any, and appraisal standardsLocation of visually sensitive point of views, if any, and appraisal standardsTurbine minimal spacings as defined by the turbine provider.Constraints associated with communications signals such as microwave nexus corridors, if any.Local ordinances that limit the turbine type tolerable for the development.These restraints may alter as treatments and dialogues advancement with assorted parties.For the intent of specifying the preliminary layout it is necessary to specify about what sizes of turbine are under consideration for the development, as the installed capacity accomplishable with different sizes of turbine may change significantly. A The choice of a specific turbine theoretical account is frequently best left to the more elaborate design stage when the commercial footings of the assorted providers are known.Specification of anemometryThe air current resource at the site is the cardinal parametric quantity in finding its economic viability. To measure the energy for a undertaking it is necessary to obtain informations on the local air current government. Typically this means installing anemometry equipment at the site. The preliminary layout allows the air current measurings to be made in appropriate locations. As a general regulation the mast should be at least two tierces of the hub tallness of the turbines. A utile regulation in complex terrain is that no turbine is located more than 1 kilometer from the closest mast. In really yucky terrain, the closest mast should be within 500m, but for air current farms located in simple terrain a much lower denseness of masts over the site may be appropriate. For big developments tha t require some(prenominal) masts there may be advantages in ab initio put ining merely one mast on the site. Once it is confirmed that the air current resource is sensible, other masts can be installed to corroborate the fluctuation in air current velocity over the site country. Provided the original mast remains as a steadfast mention other masts can be moved after, say, six months of operation to cut down the full figure of masts required.+Detailed layout designA cardinal component of the layout design is the minimal turbine spacing used. A In pose to guarantee that the turbines are non being used outside their design conditions, the minimal acceptable turbine spacing should be obtained from the turbine provider and adhered to. The appropriate spacing for turbines is strongly dependent on the nature of the terrain and the air current rosaceous at a site. A If turbines are spaced closer than 5 rotor diameters in a frequent air current way it is likely that intolerably high aft ermath losingss will ensue. A For countries with preponderantly uni-directional air current roses, such as the San Gorgonio Pass in California, greater distances between turbines in the prevailing air current way and tighter spacings perpendicular to the prevailing air current way will turn out to be more rich. A Tight spacings require blessing by the turbine provider if warranty agreements are non to be affected.With the air current farm restraints defined, the layout of the air current farm can be optimised. A This procedure is besides called air current farm micrositing . A The purpose of such a procedure is to maximize the energy exertion of the air current farm whilst understating the substructure and operational costs and run intoing all restraints. A For most undertakings the economic sciences are well more sensitive to alterations in energy production than substructure costs. A It is hence appropriate to utilize the energy production as the dominant layout design parame tric quantity.The elaborate design of the air current farm is facilitated by the usage of commercially available air current farm design tools. A Once an appropriate analysis of the air current government at the site has been undertaken, a theoretical account is set up which can be used to plan the layout, predict the energy production of the air current farm every bit good as being used to turn to economic and be aftering related issues.For big air current farms it is frequently hard to manually deduce the most productive layout. A For such sites a computational optimization utilizing a air current farm design tool may place a layout for which significant additions in predicted energy production are achieved. A Even a 1 % addition in energy production from improved micrositing could easy stand for an addition in one-year gross of $ 50,000 to $ 100,000 for a 50 MW air current farm. A The computational optimization procedure will normally affect many 1000s of loops and can include no ise and ocular restraints. A Wind farm design tools handily allow many substitutions on air current farm size, turbine type, hub tallness and layout to be considered rapidly and expeditiously increasing the likeliness that an optimum undertaking consequences. A Financial theoretical accounts may be linked to the tool so that returns from different options can be straight calculated, further streamlining the development determination doing procedure.In many states the ocular influence of a air current farm on the landscape is an of import issue. A The usage of computational design tools allows the zona of Visual Influence ( ZVI ) , or visibleness footmark, to be calculated to place from where the air current farm will be seeable. A The tools may besides be used to supply visual images, to easement the production of photomontages and to foretell the noise and shadow spark which consequences from a proposed development. A These are frequently cardinal facets of the Environmental Asses sment for a undertaking.Figure 1 shows an initial preliminary layout of a air current farm consisting of 26 turbines that meets all site specific restraints. A There are two noise sensitive homes west of the proposed air current farm with a defined noise bound that are marked with brooding icons. A The solid black line represents the site boundary in which the turbines can be placed.The layout of the air current farm after the optimization is shown in Figure 2. A Compared with the initial layout the predicted energy production has increased by about 3 % . A In the upper incision of Figure 2 the optimised layout of the air current farm superimposed with the noise degrees predicted for this layout can be seen. A A rendered visual image of the air current farm visual aspect from a point of view sou-east of the air current farm is shown at the underside.