Theories of Teaching and Learning and their Impact on the...

Theories of Teaching and Learning and their Impact on the Classroom Environment Although there are many theories of teaching and learning, this essay will be focusing primarily on professionalism, cognition and language, cognitive views of learning and behaviourism, and how they individually and collectively impact the classroom environment. A professional teacher encompasses essential characteristics to teach at their highest level. They continue to learn throughout their teaching careers and constantly assess themselves and their students. Professionals also have the ability to make decisions in ill defined situations (Eggen Kauchak, 2010, p. 5) , showing their knowledge and understanding of their students, teaching and the†¦show more content†¦The way students think about the world they live depends on their maturity and perhaps even more significantly on their experiences (Eggen Kauchak, 2010. p. 20) . This is all connected to development, and the three factors affect ing development, namely, experience, learning and maturation. It is why younger students dont comprehend to the extent of older students, or why through experience, a student may know more than his or her peers. It is referred to as cognitive development. When the human brain and cognitive development are explored we can see why maturation is so important to a students learning and understanding. To understand cognitive development more accurately, a deeper and explanation of how the brain deals with provided stimuli, and also why maturation has such an impact on learning is needed. The brain contains neurons that are made up of dendrites and axons. Dendrites are a part of neurons that receive messages from other neurons, these make up the learning capabilities of the brain. Axons are components of neurons that transmit outgoing messages to other neurons. To allow these messages to be transmitted there are tiny spaces between the neurons called synapses. Explaining this further, y oung childrens brains create new synapses for very new experience they encounter, however, as they grow, and information is correlated, only the ones needed remain. If the brain is stimulated it will retain moreShow MoreRelatedLearning Is Viewed As One Of The Most Important Interactive Activities1643 Words   |  7 Pages Learning Theory Paper Kimberlyn Boddie EDUC 2130: Teaching Learning Professor: George Darden November 1, 2015 Learning is viewed as one of the most important interactive activities in which children engage. Although most learning occurs outside of the school setting, it is the heart of the educational process. Psychologists and philosophers searched to understand the true nature of learning, why and how learning occurs at different stages in life and how it can haveRead MoreAed 200 Classroom Mgmt Paper1027 Words   |  5 PagesAssignment: Classroom Management Paper June 6, 2010 Aaronita J Morgan AED/200 Instructor: Junett Johnston The principles of behaviorism can be useful in facilitating learning within the classroom. Behaviorism offers a particular perspective on how learning occurs and how teaching impacts that process. B.F. Skinner argued that, â€Å"A behavior is more likely to reoccur if it has been reinforced or rewarded. Thus reinforcement can be used to strengthen existing behaviors, asRead MoreCritical Thinking And Problem Solving Skills1648 Words   |  7 Pageswith the integration of learning theories, pedagogies, transformative learning spaces, behavioural management and most importantly; the evolution and role of technology. Learners within the 21st Century are experiencing an education where they are taught to collaboratively communicate and construct new understandings, while acquiring higher order thinking skills to apply beyond the classroom environment. This essay will examine pedagogies and theories regarding the impact upon the quality of educationRead MoreA Personal Philosophy Of Education Essay1164 Words   |  5 Pagesof the professor is critical for meaningful learning to occur. Self-knowledge through reflection allows the professor to embrace teaching through the eyes of a scholar; thus providing a diverse learning environment supporting engagement and motivation of the learner. This paper describ es a specific academia’s mission and vision and why it resonates with me. This paper also explores my personal philosophy of education, ascertaining the learning theory I identify with the most. Mission and VisionRead MoreTheories Within the Classroom Environment Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesThe foundation of a classroom setting is based on theories that enhance student learning, have a positive impact on the classroom environment and may â€Å"provide valuable guidance for teachers† (Cooper, 2006, cited in Eggen and Kauchak, 2010). Even though teaching is about what a student is taught, there are certain practises that are used to get the most out of students without the student realising. Experts in the field have developed different theories that aim to provide an answer as to how andRead MoreTeaching Philosophy, Theories, And Pedagogies Work For Your Teaching Style Essay1618 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscover what teaching philosophy, theories, and pedagogies work for your teaching style. â€Å"The best way to teach† is unique to each individual teacher. Even so, there are some aspects of teaching that are important to being an effective teacher. Some of the facets I will be discussing include understanding the Concordia University Educator as Professional Decision Maker, Reflective†¨Practitioner, and Adaptive Expert conceptual framework, learning theories to consider, and effective classroom practicesRead MoreMaslow s Hierarchy Of Needs Theory Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesAbraham Maslow Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory has made a major impact in education and within classroom management within our schools. Maslow takes on a holistic approach to education and learning. He looks at the entire physical, emotional, social, and intellectual qualities of an individual and how they impact on learning. According to Maslow s hierarchy theory, the work of the classroom teacher is obvious. Before a student s cognitive needs can be met they must first fulfill their basicRead MoreExploring The Potential Impact Of A Classroom Learning Environment And Faculty Teaching Approaches1473 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction â€Å"A learning environment is all of the physical surroundings, psychological or emotional conditions, and social or cultural influences affecting the growth and development of an adult engaged in an educational enterprise† (Hiemstra,1991, p. 8). The purpose of this analysis paper is to explore the potential impact of a classroom learning environment and faculty-teaching approaches on the student learning in higher education institution and answer the following question: Is it the learning environmentRead MoreBest Practices Of Brain Research For Teaching Primary Readers Essay799 Words   |  4 Pagesinterests, learning styles, and preferences. Brain research and studies have been performed to determine how students learn. These studies can help educators ensure they are providing their students with enhanced instruction that meets their individual needs. Best Practices of Brain Research For Teaching Primary Readers Author Tamara Lee Opalek examines current brain research completed within the past ten years. Opalek discusses diverse students and their performance in the classroom. AccordingRead MoreTeaching And Learning Theoretical Framework Essay1694 Words   |  7 PagesJoseph Joubert. As a teacher I will learn from teaching my students. I will develop a more in depth understand and possibly a view from a different perspective. My philosophy of teaching is written from the perspective of a graduate school student. I have not yet begun my career in academia. I expect my philosophy to develop over the years and change with experience. I pray it does because if it does not, something is terribly wrong. Teaching/Learning Theoretical Framework The Theoretical framework

Descriptive Essay - Original Writing - 915 Words

Skye opened her eyes after what she had thought would just be a little cat nap. But nope, she found herself in a rather small room. This must be the servants quarters, She mumbled to herself, with the following yawn. They could have awoken me, She added with a sigh. But then again, maybe they were afraid after that lecture I had given, She concluded, stepping out of bed. Her head then glancing over towards the door, where she had heard a gentle knock. I apologize to disturb you; however, are you awake, Skye? Sebastian asked gently. I am, you may enter, She responded, grabbing a hairbrush that was conveniently placed on the small nightstand next to her. Sebastian entered the room, carrying a black white maid uniform. This will be your attire while working here at the estate. Also, a tailor will be by later this afternoon to take measurements for your off-duty tasks. He announced, gently lying down the uniform onto the bed. Then how were you able to pick a uniform, that would perfectly fit? Skye confusingly asked. I don t, this is one of Mey-Rin s uniforms. She is another maid in this household you will be accompanied by, during your day-to-day chores. He informed swiftly. I ll be sure to thank her. She continued with a smile. Will you require any assistance with dressing? Sebastian asked kindly. If there are no corsets involved, then we shouldn t have a problem. She hoped out loud. Very well then, I shall wait outside. When you are finished inShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1110 Words   |  5 PagesI don’t know how I got to where I am, but I’m here now, and I have to win if I want to live. I am in a game, and in order to live, I have to escape. That’s the thing, though: I don’t know how to escape. I was running for my life around this old house that looked like it came straight out of a horror movie. I doubled over and held my head in pain as I saw the static, which meant it was coming. I was being chased by what looked like a person but in no way acted like one. Just as it was about to appearRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1102 Words   |  5 PagesIt is on days like this when we stop to think about our life. Small drops of rain begin to dapple the cobblestone pavement as people whip out their umbrellas for cover. I continue sauntering down the busy street, relishing the feeling of a light shower. Moving with the mass of pedestrians, I stop at a crosswalk where I wait for the stoplight to turn green. A flower shop employee across the street scurries to bring in the numerous bouquets and close the doors as rain starts rolling down the displayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing914 Words   |  4 PagesDreamy I thought. Standing on the corner is a young guy with a smile. I see him here almost every day, so I linger for a while. He tells me his name, and I tell him mine. I m Ester, what s your name? I enqui red. My names David .,He replied. We end up talking for a while and I asked him if he had ever left this city. He tells me of all these stories of the places where he s been, the distant lakes and mountains, and in valleys oh so green. I can see it in his eyes, he really has beenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing974 Words   |  4 Pages I was used to moving round, having a mother who liked to travel more than making roots was something I had gotten used to. Still, I had never gotten used to the loneliness of an empty house when she was out exploring, or the feeling of leaving behind someone who could have meant something to me. Our most recent move was Oregon. It was pretty, and I didn’t mind it, but it was much different than Florida. Not only was it opposite sides of the country, it felt as if it were opposite worlds. InRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1012 Words   |  5 Pageshave plenty of time in the next month to think about my feeling in regards to Kendrick. I needed to finish up the article and get it off to my editor. I should be able to get it done by tonight and send an email in the morning. I was thinking of writing my next article about the sea life around the Scottish coast. Since our salmon dinner last evening I thought I would do a piece about the commercial salmon farming that began in Scotland in 1969. In 2002 over 145,000 metric tons of farmed AtlanticRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1561 Words   |  7 PagesThere’s something I need to say and what follows may not be something that you’d expect, it won’t be heartening or uplifting. If you remember today, I told you about going somewhere I wanted to go to†¦ I’m not sure if you believed and accepted what I now confess as untrue; it is partly. I needed to pull away emo tionally†¦ from you. You must have had fathomed that some degree of formality had seeped between us. Born of habit, formulaic greetings had become a routine. You presume that I’m a close friendRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1387 Words   |  6 PagesI was wearing a beautiful blue dress with sapphire gems all around the chest area as I entered the ball with Ciel and Sebastian. I took a good look around here, the hallway was lined with gold. There was a servant ready to escort us to the ball room. Hello, come this way. He said, walking forward. Wow, this place is so fancy! I exclaimed, looking around. It s fake gold. Ciel bluntly replied, bringing my hopes down. I sighed. Ciel sounded like he wasn t in a very good mood. Ciel, lightenRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the morning, Caireann woke me up. She stood above my bed, shaking my shoulder. I opened my eyes, looking at her. Then I looked across the room to her empty bed. Andy s empty bed sat in the corner. I swallowed, climbing out of bed. Sleep well? Caireann asked me, starting out the door. Yeah, I said, going over to our small dresser. I had the bottom two drawers. Andy had the middle two, and Caireann had the top. I pulled open the drawers, pulling on a colorful tank top and a grayRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1345 Words   |  6 PagesLater that night, I was behind the wheel of my G-Wagon with Melissa in the passenger seat. She didn’t feel like driving since she was on the road all day and I understood so I didn’t mind when she asked me to. I had been tight-lipped. She kept eyeballing me as if she detected that something was bothering me but I just kept singing to my India Arie as if I was carefree. â€Å"So are you going to tell me what’s going on or no† Melissa said disrupting my own personal concert. I stopped singing and tookRead MoreDescriptive Essay - Original Writing1085 Words   |  5 PagesI WAS SITTING IN a taxi, wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster. It was just after dark. A blustery March wind whipped the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up. I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mom stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill and was picking through the trash

Australian Securities and the Investments - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss about the Australian Securities and the Investments. Answer: Introduction: This report discusses the announcement made by Federal Court against the Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited (Sino) in context of infringement of the Corporations Act. This company was the formerly listed at ASX. ASX also made the declaration against the chairman of this company for the purpose of publishing misleading and false statement in the prospectus of the company and also for breaching the obligations related to continuous disclosure. In this Court also state the useful guidance in context of failure of former chairman of the company in act properly with due care and diligence as a director of the company as sign the prospectus which was published in English and he was unable to speak or read the English language[1]. This report states facts of the case; duties breached y directors of the company and reasons behind such infringement. This report also critically discusses the decision of the Court/Tribunal and how this decision helps in the development of the Corporation Act in Australia. Lastly, paper is concluded with brief conclusion. Facts of the Case: Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited (Sino) was the Australian Company which holds the Chinese operating company, and this Chinese company provides the specialized drilling services to the oil and gas industry. As stated above, Sino was listed on the Australian Securities Exchange (ASX) in December 2013 after an IPO issued by the company which raised almost $12 million funds for the company. During the period of March 2014, investigation was initiated by ASIC against the Sino and the directors of the Sino who infringe number of obligations under Corporation Act in context of IPO. Investigation conducted by ASIC mainly focus on the accuracy in context of the statements published by directors of the company in the prospectus of the Sino documents about contracts related to services of oil and this contract was entered into by one of its subsidiaries, HuaYing Oil Drilling Service Company Limited (HuaYing), with Chinese based oil companies. On the fourth day of May, resolution was passed by Board of Directors of Sino for the purpose of appointing administrators to the company, and they also pass number of resolution which also includes that the company was likely to become insolvent in the near future. During the period of 4th May and 21st May 2015, investigation was initiated by administrators related to the operation of the company, and for this purpose administrators held meetings with the ASIC and also submit the proposal for a deed of company arrangement. On the fifteenth day of 2015, ASIC applied for an order under section 447A of the Act, in this ASIC wants to terminate the administration of Sino. ASIC seeks the declaration that the administration appointment in the company was not valid, and also for an order under which provisional liquidator appointed to the Company. On 21st May 2015, after the application of ASIC provisional liquidator appointed to the company, and this appointment was not contested by the administrators. Breach of directors Duties: Davies J in this case provide the decision in the favor of ASIC in lieu of claims stated by ASIC, and stated that Sino contravened the Section 728[3](1)(a), 728(1)(b), 728(1)(c), 1041H and also Section 674(2)[4] of the Act. Additionally, Davies J stated that Mr. Shao was also involved in the failure of the company in making disclosures on continuous basis under section 674(2) of the Act and also contravened section 674(2A) of the Act[5]. ASIC also alleged that Mr. Shao breached the duties of directors of Sino in different perspectives. Davies J provided judgment in favor of ASIC in respect of allegations made by ASIC and further made declaration that Mr. Shao contravened section 180(1) of the Act by following acts: Director approved the prospectus of the company without understanding the text stated in the prospectus in English language and also without making the translation of English language in Chinese. In context of failure of Mr. Shao in understanding the language of the document such as Prospectus, and for this Davies J considered the comments made by Middleton J in case law ASIC v Healey (2011[6]). In this judge stated that while reading the financial statements of the company, directors of the company was under the duty to ensure that information stated in the documents must be accurate and director fully understand the content of the document. Davies J stated that comments made by Judge Middleton J was also applied in case of prospectus documents, and Mr. Shao as the director of the company was under obligation to exercise his powers with due care and diligence. He was also under obligation to ensure that he fully understands the content stated in the prospectus documents and informat ion stated in the prospectus was accurate in nature. She further stated failure on part of Mr. Shao by signing the prospectus without understanding the contents stated in the document even in general way was considered as breach of directors duties under section 180 of the Act[7]. Director also failed in fulfilling his obligations in making continuous disclosures requirement in case of public listed companies under law of Australia. In context of Mr. Shao failure to get the knowledge of disclosure requirements, Davies j stated that in his defense Mr. Shao stated that he received advice from the two directors of Australian and he also depends on the advice he received from these professional advisers. Against this defense Davies J stated that Mr. Shao was unknown from the English language and he was not able to read and speak this language and he also not understand the legal requirements of Australia, and because of this he leave all the things on others but this does not provide him excuse to perform his duties with reasonable diligence and care. In this allegation, Davies J considered the noting of case Goldberg J in ASIC v Citrofresh International Limited (No 2) (2010)[8]. On the basis of the rulings of this case, Davies j stated that Mr. Shao fails to info rm himself about the disclosure requirements, and also fails in discharging his duties as directors with due degree of care and diligence Director also failed in disclosing the Sinos board that situations had arisen because of which it was not possible to achieve the profit forecast for Sino for the year 2013. Director also seeks to cause Sino to transfer the proceedings of IPO to an account hold by company in China, and for this Mr. Shao does not provide any adequate information to the Board of Sino. Mr. Shao also failed in complied with the regulatory requirements of China which are important for the purpose of ensuring that the funds would be recoverable by Sino. Director also permit the Sino to contravene the section 728(1)(a), s 728(1)(b), s 728(1)(c), s 674 and s 1041H[9] of the Act. On the basis of above facts it can be said that Mr. Shao breached his duties under Australian Corporation law. Critical analysis of Courts Decision: In this case, federal Court of Australia ordered that Sino was liable to pay the pecuniary penalty of $800,000, and the former chairman of Sino that was Mr. Shao must be disqualified for the purpose of managing the corporation under section 206C of the Corporations Act 2001 for the period of twenty years. The order related to penalty and disqualification was provided by the Court on 11th august 2016. In this order, court declared the pecuniary penalty against first defendant that was Sino and disqualification against second defendant that was Mr. Shao for breaching the provisions of Corporation Act 2001[11]. In this context justice Davies J stated following explanations: Shao provides the explanation that he was not able to understand the English language and because of this he fails in understanding the legal requirements of Australia. Lack of knowledge of Mr. Shao shows the lack of diligence and care by him in informing himself properly and completely about the legal obligations of the company and also the serious lack of understanding in lieu of continuous disclosures. While imposing the pecuniary penalty on the Sino, Court considers the maximum amount of available penalty that was $1 million, and the increasing trend in the organizations for obtaining listing on the ASX[12]. Davies J also considered the statement made by commissioner of ASIC, provision related to accurate and timely information ensures the integrity and efficiency in the financial markets, and these principles were breached in this case clearly. Court further stated that penalty imposed in this case must provide the strong message to the organizations and people who were entering in the market of Australia must aware from the rules and regulations of the market. While making the decision in this case, Davies J failed in providing the proper guidance for those directors who does not understand the English language such as what requirements they must complied while translating the English language, documents they must file, etc. Court also fail in providing the exact and accurate reasoning for imposing that much heavy penalty on the company, and reasoning provided by the Court that through this Court give strong message to the organizations and people who were entering in the market of Australia was not considered as accurate and sufficient reasons to impose such heavy penalty on company. Impact of courts Decision: Decision of the court in this case is considered as important decision because it mainly focus the directors of the company who are not aware about the rules and regulations of Australian market because of the lack of understanding of English language. This decision also imposes obligations on foreign directors to understand the rules of the market before entering into the Australian market, and they cannot use the lack of information as the defense while performing their duties as directors. Conclusion: After considering the above facts, it can be said that decision taken by Davies J in case law ASIC v Sino is the important decision and this decision provides important knowledge in regards of understanding of foreign directors in context of rules and regulations of Australian market. In this Court also state the useful guidance in context of failure of former chairman of the company in act properly with due care and diligence as a director of the company as sign the prospectus which was published in English and he was unable to speak or read the English language. BIBLIOGRAPHY Website WR, An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure Lessons from ASIC v Sino, https://www.williamroberts.com.au/News-and-Resources/News/Articles/An-ounce-of-prevention-is-worth-a-pound-of-cure---Lessons-from-ASIC-v-Sino, accessed on 4th January 2018 ASIC, (2016), 16-255MR Court finds against Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited and its former chairman Tianpeng Shao, https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2016-releases/16-255mr-court-finds-against-sino-australia-oil-and-gas-limited-and-its-former-chairman-tianpeng-shao/, accessed on 4th January 2017. Minter Ellisson, (2016). Discussion of Directors' Duties in the Recent Sino Australia Oil and Gas Decision, https://www.minterellison.com/articles/discussion-of-directors-duties-in-the-recent-sino-australia-oil-and-gas-decision, accessed on 4th January 2018. Federal Court of Australia, Australian Securities and Investments Commission, in the matter of Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited (in liq) v Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited (in liq) [2016] FCA 934, https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2016/2016fca0934, accessed on 4th January 2018. Bright Law, CASE NOTE: LIABILITY OF NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING DIRECTOR, https://www.brightlaw.com.au/case-note-liability-of-non-english-speaking-director/, accessed on 4th January 2018. ASIC, (2016), 6-431MR Court fines Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited and disqualifies former chairman, Tianpeng Shao, https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2016-releases/16-431mr-court-fines-sino-australia-oil-and-gas-limited-and-disqualifies-former-chairman-tianpeng-shao/, accessed on 4th Jauary 2018. Case law Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey and Others (No. 2) [2011] FCA. 1003. ASIC v Citrofresh International Limited (No 2) (2010). Statute Corporation Act 2001 Journal Smith, D. (2016), ASIC obtains declarations that Sino Australia Oil and Gas Ltd (in Liq) and its former chairman breached the Corporations Act, Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal, Volume 35 (2). [1] Smith, D. (2016), ASIC obtains declarations that Sino Australia Oil and Gas Ltd (in Liq) and its former chairman breached the Corporations Act, Australian Resources and Energy Law Journal, Volume 35 (2). [2] WR, An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure Lessons from ASIC v Sino, https://www.williamroberts.com.au/News-and-Resources/News/Articles/An-ounce-of-prevention-is-worth-a-pound-of-cure---Lessons-from-ASIC-v-Sino, accessed on 4th January 2018. [3] Corporation Act 2001- Section 728. [4] Corporation Act 2001- Section 674. [5] ASIC, (2016), 16-255MR Court finds against Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited and its former chairman Tianpeng Shao, https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2016-releases/16-255mr-court-finds-against-sino-australia-oil-and-gas-limited-and-its-former-chairman-tianpeng-shao/, accessed on 4th January 2017. [6] Australian Securities and Investments Commission v Healey and Others (No. 2) [2011] FCA. 1003. [7] Corporation Act 2001- Section 180. [8] ASIC v Citrofresh International Limited (No 2) (2010). [9] Corporation Act 2001- 1041H. [10] Minter Ellisson, (2016). Discussion of Directors' Duties in the Recent Sino Australia Oil and Gas Decision, https://www.minterellison.com/articles/discussion-of-directors-duties-in-the-recent-sino-australia-oil-and-gas-decision, accessed on 4th January 2018. [11] Federal Court of Australia, Australian Securities and Investments Commission, in the matter of Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited (in liq) v Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited (in liq) [2016] FCA 934, https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2016/2016fca0934, accessed on 4th January 2018. [12] Bright Law, CASE NOTE: LIABILITY OF NON-ENGLISH SPEAKING DIRECTOR, https://www.brightlaw.com.au/case-note-liability-of-non-english-speaking-director/, accessed on 4th January 2018. [13] ASIC, (2016), 6-431MR Court fines Sino Australia Oil and Gas Limited and disqualifies former chairman, Tianpeng Shao, https://asic.gov.au/about-asic/media-centre/find-a-media-release/2016-releases/16-431mr-court-fines-sino-australia-oil-and-gas-limited-and-disqualifies-former-chairman-tianpeng-shao/, accessed on 4th January 2018.

Napoleon Essays (613 words) - French Emperors, House Of Bonaparte

Napoleon Although he inspired new social, economic, and political ideas, Napoleon Bonaparte is better known for his military tactics. Even today, his battle plans are used and studied by many in the military. Napoleon, who started out as an extremely short and wimpy foreigner who rose to become Emperor of France, died in 1821 at St. Helena, a remote island in the South Atlantic. He was fifty-two years old. Th cause is uncertain: either he was poisoned or he died of a stomach ailment. Bonaparte was born in 1769 on the island of Corsica just as France conquered it. At age ten, Napoleon was sent to military school outside Paris. At sixteen, he graduated and became a lieutenant in the artillery. When the French revolution broke out, Napoleon sided with the new government. Along with the help of his army, he dissolved the revolutionary government and made himself emperor. Saying he was saving the Revolution, Napoleon established a new government that stressed equality. Through his prowess, Napoleon greatly enlarged the French Empire. Though he ran into many problems and was soon defeated, he came back to fight one more battle before his last defeat, and was then taken to St. Helena as a prisoner. Of all his accomplishments, Napoleon's political decisions had the most lasting influence. His guiding principle was that everyone should have an equal chance regardless of their social status at birth. Napoleon believed in a meritocracy, a novel system where people would be placed in positions according to merit and not their birth. Napoleon also established the Napoleonic Code. Through these laws, Napoleon declared all people equal before the law and the three estates of France's old government abolished. Ironically, though he believed in equality, as emperor, Napoleon stood above his new laws for he loved power. As a general, Napoleon is ranked beside the greatest military geniuses. He conquered nearly all of Europe creating an empire that had not been seen since Roman times. Through his military strategy prowess, Napoleon was able to come out as the victor in battles even if he was largely outnumbered. He quickly defeated almost every country from Spain to Russia. Although he did not add every country to France, he established many puppet monarchies that were loyal to him. To complement his influence around France, Napoleon also set up a series of alliances that loosely attached Russia, Prussia, and Austria to his empire. Although Napoleon's empire was great and powerful, it was extremely unstable due to Napoleon's lust for power and pride. He had too much power, for all his alliances and puppet governments were held together only by him and would deteriorate once he began to stumble. Napoleon believed that he could no be defeated. When the British decisively defeated his navy, he tried to stop their imports from coming in but only hurt his empire in doing so. Although Napoleon was at last defeated by the Grand Alliance, it was only accomplished because of his army's weakness after the Russian campaign. Napoleon tried attacking Russia but instead of meeting an army, he met the all-powerful weather of Russia. His army was decimated. Napoleon's lust for power had caused his downfall. Overall, Napoleon was one of the greatest men ever to rule a great empire. Both a military and political genius, he conquered most of Europe in only five years. He also introduced the ideas of meritocracy and equality for all before the law. Although Napoleon had a great lust of power that eventually brought his downfall, overall he was one of the greatest conquerors. He was only struck down by two obstacles: the Russian weather and lust for power. History

buy custom Diet Pop or Regular Pop essay

buy custom Diet Pop or Regular Pop essay Many people have faced problems in deciding which pop to take. People have different opinions on the reasons why they prefer a particular pop instead of another. Through various researches carried worldwide, People have tried to know specific causes of ailments especially those thought to be associated with food. Although it is known that everything that has an advantage have a disadvantage, the need to study on the best option has made me choose this area of study. It is important to know the components of each of these pops and decide on the one that has the least side effects or harm on human health (Brownell et al, 2007). Diet pop contains aspartame, which is a sweetener although it is non-sugar. Diet pop include the cola drinks, which are found worldwide. At temperatures around 30 degrees Celsius, the aspartame in diet pop changes to phermeldahide. This is a chemical substance, which is used as a freezing agent in mortuaries. Consumption of this chemical substance at large amount is vital to human health and can cause cancer, severe ailments, brain tumors, lymphoma, and brain lesions. On the other hand, regular pop contains a small percentage of sugar. Human body especially for proper functioning of the brain requires sugar. Consumption of large amounts of sugar may also be dangerous but the regular pop does not contain lots of sugar that can pose health dangers to individuals. Purpose of the study The primary purpose of this study is to decide which type of pop is good for human health. The major area of interest is the side effects of consumption of these pops. It is therefore, paramount to carry out this study because it will help in advising people on the best pop to take and to reduce chances of getting healthy problems and illnesses associated with pop consumption. Literature review Studies by George showed that diet pop causes allergies; these drinks contain low-calories and may cause chronic or acute hives. Another research by Dr. McCay at a research institute showed that these drinks also damages calcium in the body (Brownell et al, 2007). Furthermore, a health study by nurses showed that those women who consume diet drinks daily increases isks of high blood pressure by 9-13 % (Hu et al, 2006). Methodology In order to carry out this research successfully, several methods were used. These methods include use of questionnaire, and interviews. Archived medical data was also drawn and analyzed. Several people were interviewed on their preferred pop and their reasons for their preferences were considered. Questionnaires were also used and people were to give their opinion on the use of diet and regular pops. Medical data on instances of ailments due to consumption of diet or regular pop were also used. From all the data obtained, analysis were done and conclusions drawn. Results From the interviews taken, 98% of the people interviewed, both male and female were found to prefer taking regular pop. 95% of these preferred natural juice while the rest preferred flavored water. All the 98% had at one point taken diet pop and 90% had cases of headaches. The others fell dehydrated and opted to do away with diet pop. From questionnaires, it was found out that 89% of the people do not take diet pop. 90% of them have never taken them because they have knowledge on the side effects and the others have had headaches, and other withdrew after their close relatives or friends were diagnosed of cancer or brain tumors after a long consumption of diet pop. The other 2% were found to take diet pop everyday and they have never experienced any problem. They only find that they cannot so without it. The other group of people who experienced weight gain after consuming the two pops gave the results below. consumption Regular pop Diet pop can per day -1 can per day 1-2 cans per day 2 cans per day 25% 30% 32% 47% 35% 37% 54% 57% Medical datta obtained from a district hospital showed that 60% of those patients with cancer were because of consuming diet pop. Those with brain tumors amounted to 10%. It was also found that those with frequent headaches were because of consuming diet pop (Drewnowski Bellisle, 2007). Discussion From the results obtained above, it is evident that diet pop is not good for human health. A higher percentage of people prefer taking regular pop because it does not contain any chemical substance, which is harmful for human health. Others opted to taking regular pop because they consistently increased weight unexpectedly. From the results tabulated above, it is seen that those who took diet pop had a higher weight gain rates. Moreover, many have opted to taking flavored water or naturally squeezed juice instead of diet pop. From these findings, it is clear that past research is true and many people are likely to stop taking diet pop in the near future. Many have knowledge on the side effects as brought up by scientist in the past and are not willing to take them at any time (Brownell et al, 2007). Although this study is successful, there were problems encountered in analyzing qualitative data and this is the major weakness of this study. It is, however, the best study because the quantitative analysis gave consistent results with past research and hence, considered successful and proven that taking regular pop is healthy compared to taking diet pop. Conclusion and recommendation In conclusion, it is clear that diet pop is harmful to human health. To avoid chances of getting cancer, brain tumors among other associated diseases, people should resort to taking natural juice. Chemical components like the artificial sweeteners make the body react and generate insulin. In a case where a person is addicted to use of diet pop, it is advisable to drink plenty of water so that the body does not feel dehydrated. It is clear that there is a difference in the sugar requirement for male and females (Hu et al, 2006). Future researchers are hereby advised to carry out more research and ensure that they separate male and female data. This will show who are prone to sicknesses due to consumption of diet pop. Buy custom Diet Pop or Regular Pop essay

Panama Papers

Panama Papers HUGE LEAK OF INFORMATION REVEALS WHAT WORLDS ELITE WANTS TO HIDE Tax evasion in the form of offshore accounts and companies has been relatively common among the wealthy elite for a long time. The Panama Papers have revealed the extent of the corruption involved. The law firm and corporate services provider Mossack Fonseca has been protecting its clients’ information for a long time, and there has been a tremendous offshore records leak as of late. The massive leak of documents that have come to be known as the Panama Papers, because Mossack Fonseca is based in Panama, have revealed that the world’s wealthy elite has been evading taxation and committing fraud to a degree that has stunned the whole world. These papers have provided authorities with information on 214,488 offshore actors. FINANCIAL REWARDS ARE THE ONLY WAY TO GAIN EMPLOYEE LOYALTY The People Implicated by the Panama Papers The Panama Papers are truly shocking in terms of their scope. There are 11.5 million records here, and they are full of the accounts of illegal activities of billionaires, drug traffickers, politicians, professional athletes, and celebrities. Football player Lionel Messi and famous actor Jacki Chan are among their ranks. There are at least 128 public officials and politicians involved, including the king of Saudi Arabia, six members of the House of Lords in the United Kingdom, and the prime ministers of Pakistan and Iceland. More than two hundred people with American addresses alone have shown up in these documents. In many cases, the families of politicians were involved, such as the children of the Azerbaijan president. At least 33 of the people and companies that have been implicated have been involved with terrorist organizations, rogue nations, or drug lords. One bitterly ironic facet of the scandal is the fact that public leaders who have become famous for trying to end corruption have also been involved. Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s family is connected to the documents, as is the father of British Prime Minister David Cameron. It is possible that some of these people are victims of circumstances and that they have not benefited from the shady dealings of their families, but it is equally possible that they partly managed to get away with what they did because it was through their family members. It does seem that a great deal of these people have been using trusted individuals to take the risk when it comes to laundering money for them, particularly people like President Putin. At this point in the scandal, some of the people accused or involved with those who were accused are coming forward. Overall, they have been trying to weasel out of their responsibilities. Vladimir Putin has said that the allegations were just designed to discredit the people involved and cause instability in Russia. The Icelandic prime minister has resigned over this scandal, and this scandal may change Iceland’s public image for a long time. HOW HUMAN DIGNITY IS VALUED WITHIN THE ACADEMIC SPHERE Mossack Fonseca’s Involvement In an International Corruption Scandal Up until recently, Mossack Fonseca was an obscure corporate service provider and law firm that was located in Panama but with a few dozen branches and offices throughout the world. It is the fourth largest offshore law firm in the world, but it never really rose to prominence in the general public consciousness. Today, this is a law firm and corporate service provider that is going to go down in history as being one of the most infamous and corrupt organizations in the world. There are lots of documents to go through that will illuminate exactly what Mossack Fonseca did for their clients. However, overall, they worked to keep a huge amount of information related to their clients’ financial records secret. They have removed paper records and erased electronic records in the wake of potential legal troubles for their clients. They backdate documents in order to help their clients cheat in financial transactions. In fact, clients have actually paid them to backdate documents, so there is no doubt that many of these clients knew about this practice and actively encouraged it. Law firms are allowed to give their clients a high degree of confidentiality, but it is safe to say that Mossack Fonseca has abused that privilege in every way. The International Community Responds to the Panama Offshore Records Leak The Panama Papers scandal is shaping up to be one of the defining moments of the twenty-first century. The international community has jumped on it. Journalists all around the world are working together in order to investigate Mossack Fonseca more thoroughly. This issue has managed to bring journalists together in a way that was completely unprecedented. Law enforcement officials from all over the world are launching their own investigations into Mossack Fonseca and everyone connected to the law firm. Brazil has been particularly active when it comes to uncovering the scandal and bringing the people responsible to justice. They are investigating former president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and current president Dilma Rousseff may lose her position as a result of this scandal. Employees at the Brazilian office of Mossack Fonseca have been arrested, and Brazil is continuing to respond to this problem. Other countries that have Mossack Fonseca offices are launching more of their own investigations. ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL IN POLITICS This scandal has tremendous implications for people all around the world. High London property prices have been linked to the fact that these wealthy people have been able to buy up the best properties in the area while evading the local taxes and using cached wealth. Some people have discussed this issue in terms of the Great Recession, wondering about the link between ongoing economic troubles and the Panama Papers. Of course, the scandal has also revived the old debate about privacy and access to information in a technological society, with some people raising concerns about the broader implications about the leak and not just the results of the leak. Other sources are celebrating the incident as an example of a new form of activism that is only possible in the Information Age, and which will stop the rich and the powerful from guarding all of their ignoble secrets. The situation raises all sorts of questions about the amount of wealth that has been siphoned away from governments all around the world as a result of all of this offshore tax evasion. Norway, Spain, Germany, Australia, and France are all looking into the issue from the taxation perspective, partly in the hopes of recovering some of the money that their respective governments are owed. There is no telling how all of the recovered wealth might affect the economy, or whether the costs of the investigation are going to counteract all of the potential financial benefits.

Management Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Information - Essay Example In this scenario management of corporation has decided to implement a new technology based structure and platform that would have the capability to effectively manage and control all the business operations. This report outlines the new information system (IS) strategy for the Golden Fleece Hotel. In addition, this report will offer an analysis of the key aspects of information system strategy and how it will increase revenue for the organization. The business of Golden Fleece Corporation involves the management of hotel. This business was established in 1999 and now became a large size organization. In potential advancements of the business there are some business problems. Golden Fleece hotel is based on 100-Â ­room resort hotel located in South Yorkshire. In addition, Golden Fleece hotel is mainly aimed at targeting the business people and travellers. In this scenario the business owner ‘Hugh Johnson’ wants to offer its customers unique hotel experience and enjoyment facilities. However, in potential enhancement in the business of the Golden Fleece there are some problems regarding management of business operations and tasks, for instance, effective management of the business, customer and resources data handling. However, by seeing the potential enhancements in the field of information technology the management of Golden Fleece has decided to implement and incorporate new technology to manage the business op erations. This report onward will present some of main aspects regarding development of the new information strategy (IS) strategy for the Golden Fleece Hotel. The business of Golden Fleece Hotels flourished really much in beginning years however as the business enhanced its traditional business structure was not capable to handle the business operations. Additionally, the business also faced some economic down term. Thus, the Golden Fleece’s occupancy rate had begun to fall. The main

Red Blood Cells Cytoskeleton Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Red Blood Cells Cytoskeleton - Article Example The membrane of a red blood cell is a lipid bilayer with transmembrane proteins and a myriad of filamentous proteins along the whole membrane. In the membrane cytoskeleton, spectrin is the most commonly found protein, forming long and elastic heterodimers, that join head to head to form heterotetramers, the tails of which are composed of F-actin, protein 4.1, and actin-binding proteins called dematin, adducin, tropomyosin, and tropomodulin (Stokes). This whole meshwork of proteins is attached to the cytoskeleton at two places: â€Å"one mediated by ankyrin that couples spectrin to Band 3 and the other mediated by protein 4.1 that couples the junctional complex to Glycophorin C† (Stokes, para.2). So, we see that human red blood cells are deficient in actin–myosin–microtubule cytoskeleton, which is helpful in cell shape determination, according to a recent research (Acton 69). The proteins of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane interact to form a barrier for toxins, b ut help the ions and information signals to pass in and out of the cell membrane. Stokes, David. â€Å"Architecture of the Cytoskeleton in Red Blood Cells.† Laboratory of David Stokes. NYU School of Medicine, 2011. Web. 18 Nov 2012.

Workplace Motivation Essay Example for Free

Workplace Motivation Essay The theory of motivation in the workplace is defined as empowering others to perform tasks they would not normally perform. Considering there is a multitude of ideas, theories, and methods promoted by experts in the area of employee motivation, choosing the correct method is daunting. The goal is to select one or combine methods that will motivate employees to excel in the workplace and attempt to increase employees’ personal satisfaction. The challenge in all organizations is to create a perfect balance between employee motivation and how to implement and sustain the program. Positive reinforcement has proven to be one method easily applied in the workplace and is conducive to higher productivity and profitability. However, diligence by the management staff must be required to create and maintain the motivation level of employees. The motivation level of the dispatch department at Prime Satellite had been an issue of contention with the management for many years. The turnover in that particular department exceeded any other department in the company. Admittedly the job was a stressful and frustrating position. These employees were also the least paid per hour than other employees at the company therefore, the massive turnover problem. I had been employed as the technical customer service manager for six years at this time. My department and the dispatch department worked closely to maintain a high-level of customer service. Observing the constant stream of new employees in the department and low morale, I suggested changes to the owner. The owner asked me to become the dispatch manager to correct the situation. The first change was in the recruiting and hiring process. The previous candidates for the position had not been selected on a specific skill set because the job duties were undefined. The job required a person who could understand technical information in addition to possess excellent communication skills. These employees had to relay detailed information not only to satellite technicians but also customers. The most important skill the employees required was intrinsic motivation because the employees would have to work autonomously once they were trained. Understanding the job duties, the company began hiring more competent people. The pay was increased by two dollars an hour to recruit the talent to create a fully functioning and productive department. The first change to the training procedure was to engage the employee to discuss her ambitions and her expectations from the company. I thought this was important to create a dialogue and a sense of belonging. A history of the company was explained to each new hire. This became important because the employees could envision a future with the organization. The business was rapidly expanding and the new employees were encouraged to participate in the exciting possibilities. The next change was in the training process. The department had five employees who required retraining. This action was not received with enthusiasm by four of the five employees. The lack of motivation and low morale of the department had created an environment of apathy. Therefore, retraining was futile. I recruited and hired four new employees within the first two months of managing the department. The new environment was happy, positive, and creative. I could not authorize monetary rewards. However, praise and recognition are free. This created a team of motivated and positive people because teamwork does not depend on monetary compensation. The sense of belonging provided the employees empowerment over their daily duties. Employee satisfaction correlated with the productivity of the department with an increase of 150% within 90 days of implementing the new policies. The humanistic view of motivation may have critics but in this situation the theory proved to be effective. The new procedures were not without pitfalls. Each employee had her own work ethic, cognitive skills, and level of motivation. Learning each employee’s characteristics and habits assisted me in learning how to discipline and reward each individual. This challenge proved to be one of the most rewarding experiences in my work experience because I believe in self-actualization and encourage it in others. The employees were encouraged to develop new skills and techniques to improve their own performance. They were the people performing the job on a day-to-day basis therefore each employee’s suggestion was considered to develop new strategies to eliminate repetition and enhance productivity. The more the employees became engaged in creating procedures, assumed responsibility, and provided feedback the more motivated they were to perform. The incentives the employee’s enjoyed could not be monetary but developed into a sense of worth and accomplishment. Remember, this was not an easy job. The employees had to speak to frustrated, angry technicians, customers, and salespeople. The stressful situation required diffusing on occasions. In those situations, the best solution became a long break and discussion. The employee would be taken to a quiet area of the office and allowed to vent, complain, or just talk through the stressful situation. This not only relieved the stress for the employee but also gave her the sense of validation that the company understood and most important cared about her well-being. I had created a team of people who worked for low pay yet had high motivation because of one simple fact; they were treated with dignity and respect. They were dedicated to perform to the best of their abilities because they could not let the team down. The previous attempts to increase employee retention in the dispatch department failed because the manager used fear to control the employees. He used the old scenario of â€Å"they get a paycheck, what more could they want† method. This extrinsic motivation technique did not apply to this situation of this company or any other. People need more in their workplace than a paycheck. They need to believe they are doing something worthwhile to be intrinsically motivated. What happened next in this organization will validate the last statement. The ownership of the company changed. The changes to the culture of the entire organization were profound and created a cognitive dissonance. The focus of the new administration was the bottom line and nothing else. Promises were not kept and threats of joblessness prevailed. Motivation plummeted. Extrinsic motivation was the only motivation for all the employees. The new method of motivation was not sufficient to retain the best employees. Benefits were curtailed, bonuses and raises were suspended, and recognition was nonexistent. The Expectancy X value theory was destroyed for those employees who depended on that type of motivation. Praise for a job well done became extinct because the new owner decided it was not necessary. The exclusive reliance on extrinsic motivation will fail if intrinsic motivation no longer exists. The employee retention problem returned with vengeance. Within the first 90 days after the new ownership, the department lost three of its best employees because the support for self-actualization ceased to be an important factor. Humans do not tolerate negative changes to their environment such as the workplace. If a hygienic environment becomes confused with misinformation, distrust, and lack of security it will become toxic. This became a very toxic workplace for all involved. Obviously, this was not the correct motivational theory to apply. The company closed one year later. Motivation is imminently important to any organization whether it be business, school, social group, or a family. The more humane and positive the motivation, the more productive anyone or anything will become.

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning :: essays research papers

Learning Thoughts on Learning â€Å"Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival.† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  W. Edwards Demming â€Å"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.F. Skinner â€Å"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it.† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pablo Picasso What is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience Types of Learning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classical conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operant conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive and social learning Classical Conditioning: Examples †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty palms †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smell of mom’s perfume: smiling †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sight of certain restaurant: nausea †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Noise of a can opener: cat comes running †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s Observation †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Studied digestion in dogs Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food (US): salivation (UR) –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reflexive response †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tone (CS): nothing (CR) Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 2 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CS is repeatedly paired with the US –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A tone is sounded before the food is presented Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 3 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Response †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoidance learning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conditioned phobias –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Little Albert Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extinction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulus generalization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulus discrimination Higher Order Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pair CS1 with a new CS2 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CS2: CR †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But, CR will be weaker Classical Conditioning Applied †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug overdoses †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoking: environmental cues †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Systematic desensitization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advertising: sex appeal †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taste aversion †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conditioning and the immune system Types of Learning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operant Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive and Social Learning Operant Conditioning: Examples †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slot machine pays out: gamble more †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit Operant Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thorndike’s puzzle box –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skinner box Operant Conditioning: Principles †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulus-Response †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reinforcement –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positive reinforcement –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negative reinforcement Effective Punishment †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should be –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Swift –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consistent –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appropriately aversive †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Challenges –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physical punishment may be imitated –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May fear the person who punishes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most effective when paired with reinforcers Reinforcement †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Primary reinforcers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondary reinforcers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavior modification †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Beyond Basic Reinforcement †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generalization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discrimination –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discriminative stimulus †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extinction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spontaneous recovery

Method of Radical Doubt

The method of doubt that is used to attain certainty was formulated by famous Western philosopher Rene Descartes (Burnham & Fieser). It was initially formulated to be a method for religion, science, and epistemology (Burnham & Fieser). He lived in the 16th to 17th century, and created works on mathematics and physics (Burnham & Fieser). His method of radical or hyperbolic doubt was a product of his being a radical skeptic. This position means that Descartes did not readily accept anything as true. Moreover, he did not immediately classify anything as knowledge. Thus, contrary to the inclinations of philosophers and thinkers of his time, he never believed in anything unless they passed his test of indubitability (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes vehemently denied the prevailing concepts of his time, as put forward by the Aristotelian, Scholastic, and Medieval traditions (Burnham & Fieser). This gave birth to his determination to be a radical skeptic, which for him allowed him to start anew in his quest for a philosophical foundation (Burnham & Fieser). However, it is important to note that Descartes’ radical skepticism is different from the position of other skeptics, which is doubting for the sake of doubting. Feature Article Relative Rates:  Free-Radical Bromination Being a radical skeptic, Descartes desperately searched for true knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). For him, knowledge is based on truth and indubitability (Burnham & Fieser). A certain proposition would only be accepted as knowledge if it were true and does not entertain doubt (Burnham & Fieser). For example, one’s knowledge of a table is brought about by his belief that it is true and real. Descartes formulated a criteria of knowledge based on clarity and distinctness, which gives a person confidence in his determination of whether a statement is worthy of being accepted as true knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes’ radical skepticism is characterized by his comprehensive rejection of the reliability of accepting ideas as truth or knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). He is known for the wide-ranging premise that truth is not represented by a person’s ideas (Burnham & Fieser). For him, ideas cannot be automatically classified as truth (Burnham & Fieser). Quite the contrary, ideas obscure a person’s perception of the truth. (Burnham & Fieser). Thus Descartes rejected all ideas that are susceptible to doubt. In this connection, he likewise excluded mere wishes or opinions from real knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). For him, such dubitable ideas could not serve the purpose of determining the foundation for philosophy or knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes’ method of hyperbolic doubt was explained in detail in his work published in 1641, entitled Meditations on First Philosophy, wherein he discussed issues regarding the existence of God and the distinction between mind and body (Burnham & Fieser). In this book, Descartes concluded that there is at least a doubting being whose existence is independent of its body; namely, himself (Burnham & Fieser, 2006). Descartes’ method of hyperbolic doubt consists of several stages (Burnham & Fieser). First, it involves the identification of a class of knowledge that is unreliable because it is not credible (Burnham & Fieser). This class of knowledge refers to sensory information, or those gathered from sensory stimuli (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes’ choice of doubting sensory knowledge is based on his stand that sensory knowledge has been known for failing in the past (Burnham & Fieser). Furthermore, Descartes claims that there is a distinct possibility that it will still fail in the future. Moreover, he referred to optical illusions, which are sensory knowledge that is based on deception. They make a person believe that his perceptions differ from what truly exists in the world (Burnham & Fieser. For Descartes, therefore, sensory knowledge cannot be trusted. Descartes next subjected his own ideas to radical doubt (Burnham & Fieser). This he did by imagining that there exists a God who deceives him into thinking his thought, beliefs, and perceptions. (Burnham & Fieser, 2006). However, due to Descartes’ strong belief in God, he later replaced the idea of God as the deceiver to avoid disagreeing with his Christian belief, and conjured the idea of a malevolent demon who deceives him (Burnham & Fieser). Under this test, Descartes was able to conclude that even his own ideas cannot be trusted because they can still be doubted, since they could have been implanted in his mind by the malevolent demon (Burnham & Fieser). Finally, Descartes settled with the conclusion that he exists (Burnham & Fieser). This conclusion he reached through mental intuition, because he noticed that there were statements that are presented to his mind with sufficient clarity and distinctness that there is no reason to doubt them (Burnham & Fieser). This gave rise to his famous phrase, â€Å"I think therefore I am,† or â€Å"Cogito ergo sum (Burnham & Fieser).† This cannot be doubted, because the fact that he doubts shows that there is an existing entity who performs the doubting (Burnham & Fieser). If he did not exist in the first place, then there is no being whom the malevolent demon would be deceiving (Burnham & Fieser).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In sum, Descartes arrived at one conclusion using his method of radical doubt. This conclusion is that it is the indubitable truth that he is a thinking entity that exists (Burnham & Fieser). Works Cited Burnham, D. & Fieser, J. â€Å"Renà © Descartes (1596-1650).† The Internet Encyclopedia of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philosophy. 2006. 1 Apr. 2007 .      

Cost of Ambition in Macbeth Essay

Human society burdens itself with generating organizational systems of rank to distinguish groups of people. Ambition — the quest for power — is a foremost drive embedded in the human spirit that motives men to better themselves. This quest is seen in Shakespeare’s tragic play Macbeth with the titular character who strives to achieve and maintain ultimate power. The central aspect of Macbeth lies with the title character’s desire to both follow and diverge from his destiny. After hearing of his future greatness from the seemingly omnipotent Weird Sisters, Macbeth comes to realize the latent ambition trapped within him (Act 1, Scene III). This initial realization of potential unbars him from his prior self (a life of both honor and prestige) to transcend his well-established morals. Macbeth yearns for power over his country and over his fellow man, ambitions that lead him down a dark and bloody path. Shakespeare uses this fall from good graces to demonstrate to readers the cost of being overambitious. Prophecy foretold of Macbeth’s future rule as king and alluded to his eventual fate with a message of warning. However, in contrast of the warning to be wary, it was also said that no man born of a woman — as every man is — held decisive power over Macbeth (Act 4, Scene I). This bold statement lends greatly to the expansion of Macbeth’s irrationality during his later tirades. His overly ambitious quest for power motivates him to prematurely end the life of the current king, an act he has no need to execute, for had the prophecy of his kingship really been true, he’d have been crowned sooner or later, but his lust for power blinds him to this fact (Act 1, Scene V). Given his reputation as a war hero, none surmount the treachery of suspecting Macbeth of committing such a crime, especially when the cover-up was so well planned. For this reason, Macbeth could work behind the scenes, plotting his takeover of the country and none would dare suspect malicious intentions from him. In this way, his ambition was unchecked. As mentioned, Macbeth entirely disregards the prophecy warning that certain dangers threaten his prosperity as king. He does this not due to a lack of superstition; he clearly believes in the Weird Sisters’ words of praise and success. He does so because he holds the premonition of fortune on higher grounds that that of misfortune. Thus, that men are blinded by ambition is another message Shakespeare hoped to convey. The very same ambition — rather, the fear of losing the product of that ambition — led Macbeth to challenge the same prophecy that granted him the throne. He sought victory over all, took up arms against fate, and marched towards an undefeatable destiny by slaughtering any kinsmen with a possibility of stealing the throne away from him (Act 3, Scene I). These repeated ventures into meaningless manslaughter lead him further down a destructive path laid out for him by his desire for power. The desire corrupts him, and greater forces rise in opposition. Shakespeare’s powerful storytelling shines here as Macbeth’s obsession with power is met by the force of balance. Macbeth oversteps his bounds to prematurely attain a rank already in his possession; as a reaction, the righteous force of Macduff, a man seeking only the best for the country, rose to oppose him. Herein we discover the most important of messages: ambition void of righteousness leads nowhere. Macduff also sought power, power over those who would bring forth the destruction of his beloved country. Ina conflict between two opposing power-seekers, as Shakespeare makes evident by the death of Macbeth by the hands of Macduff, the more righteous force is destined to prevail (Act V, Scene VII). Macbeth suffered from a devastating internal conflict: coming to terms with the idea that one lived with strength to usurp his power. Swollen with pride, he denied that any such being existed and thus became further susceptible to Macduff’s greater strength. Shakespeare conveys how the quest for power is a truly crippling experience when taken outside the bounds of rational thought. His character Macbeth actively seeks what is owed to by by the passage of time and ultimately pays the price for his misjudgment. Had Macbeth rationalized the situations presented to him by the Weird Sisters, he’d have taken their words as the prophecy of a reward for his national pride, not as instruments of corruption.

Oral Presentation Critique Essay Example

Oral Presentation Critique Essay Example Oral Presentation Critique Paper Oral Presentation Critique Paper Most of them went well but all of them could have been better. The funny thing about speeches is I can prepare a great speech and rehearse it until Im blue in the face but when the time comes to stand up and give that speech my heart beat starts fluctuating, my mouth dries instantly, and all my accepted wisdom is wiped clean. This is when I rely on my gift of gab and the confidence I have in myself. After all, this is coming from a guy who loves to tell stories and often enjoys being the center of attention. This time I had a well written speech, I was prepared, and I was confident to be standing in front of the class. Overall it was a success. After reading my classmates critiques about me I feel my presentation went well. Many of the comments contradicted themselves such as poor eye contact with excellent eye contact but others were much more accurate. Overall I think my delivery came across loud and clear and I feel I made good eye contact with my audience. I think I need to learn to slow it down a bit, I get excited and I start rambling. My content was really good, I used fun examples for each trait, and I had some clever transitions to get some laughs. I was very comfortable with my voice presence. I really felt I hooked the audience and kept their attention throughout my entire presentation. This Is thanks, of course, to great organization. I am not always the most organized person, but I really put some time Into this speech and organized it with note cards and rehearsed In front of people and when all was said and done, It felt good. I hope to overcome the Jitters. I realize they may never go away completely, but I would sure like to suppress them at times. I love to talk, and giving a speech should be no harder for me than telling a story, but It Is. One thing I have learned Is that If you get those Jitters but you have put the time and the organization In that Is needed for a great speech, you Just go right In to It. Before you know It youre done and It all went as you rehearsed, and It builds the confidence you need to suppress those Jitters the next time. I am looking forward to that time.

A Definition of Regular Education

A Definition of Regular Education Regular Education  is the term often used to describe the educational experience of typically developing children. The content of this curriculum is defined in most states by state standards, many which have adopted the Common Core State Standards. These standards define the academic skills that students should acquire at each grade level.  This is the Free and Appropriate Public Education  against which the program of a student who receives special education is evaluated. General Education is used interchangeably with regular education but is preferred. It is better to speak of general education students as opposed to regular education students. Regular implies that special education students are irregular, or somehow flawed. Once again, General Education is the curriculum designed for all children which are meant to meet state standards, or if adopted, the Common Core State Standards.  The General Education program is also the program which the states annual test, required by NCLB (No Child Left Behind,) is designed to evaluate.   Regular Education and Special Education IEPs and Regular Education: To provide FAPE for special education students, IEP goals should be aligned with the Common Core State Standards.  In other words, they should show that a student is being taught to the standards.  In some cases, with children whose disabilities are severe, IEPs will reflect a more functional program, which will be very loosely aligned with the Common Core State Standards, rather than directly linked to specific grade level standards.  These students are most often in self-contained programs.  They are also the most likely to be part of the three percent of students allowed to take an alternate test. Unless students are in the most restrictive environments, they will spend some time in the regular education environment.  Often, children in self-contained programs will participate in specials such as physical education, art, and music with students in the regular or general education programs.  When assessing the amount of time spent in regular education (part of the IEP report) time spent with typical students in the lunchroom and on the playground for recess is also credited as time in the general education environment.   Testing Until more states eliminate testing, participation in high stakes state tests aligned to the standards is required of special education students.  This is meant to reflect how the students perform alongside their regular education peers.  States are also permitted to require that students with severe disabilities are offered an alternate assessment, which should address the state standards.  These are required by Federal Law, in the ESEA (Elementary and Secondary education act) and IDEIA.  Only 1 percent of all students are allowed to take an alternate test, and this should represent 3 percent of all students receiving special education services. Examples: A statement in an IEP: John spends 28 hours each week in a regular education third-grade classroom with his typical peers where he receives instruction in social studies and science.

Assigment two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assigment two - Essay Example Conducting a training needs analysis significantly helps in the process of evaluating the lacking areas of the teams and individuals of an organization and can significantly lead to the process of development of skills of the employees, thereby increasing their individual productivity as well as the productivity of the entire organization on a whole. Training needs analysis is increasingly considered as a highly important tool for planning and management as it aids in the process of growth and development of the individuals and the organization (Drummond, 2008, p. 5 - 6) Talking in terms of Wal-Mart, it can be said that since Wal-Mart is a global organization, with interests and stakeholders present in major and emerging markets of the globe, there are some specific areas of development that Wal-Mart can focus on for the process of providing better opportunities towards individual development and resources on a global note. The most important areas of development that Wal–Mart can focus on at the present moment are the processes of educating and developing the front line associates in the emerging markets to go for better customer engagements as well as imparting relevant product knowledge and required rack arrangement. Another important area where Wal-Mart can conduct a training needs analysis is the process of evaluating the need of technological and process developments in the emerging markets which can in return lead to achieving of better production and efficiency. The organization also needs to conduct training need evaluations of the customers in the emerging markets for the purpose of generating better responses in the e-retailing formats. Also, the company needs to conduct the analysis for the purpose of assessing the gap of technology experts’ team of the organization and their efficiency in generating the valuable insights from customer information by using data analytics technology. 2. It is of considerable importance to state that Wal -Mart is a global organization, which increasingly focuses on generating extreme value for customer through its product and service offerings (Annual Report, 2012, p.4). Hence, its key strategies are more focused in generating more value to the customer, while increasingly going through various evolutionary phases and individual development techniques of the internal stakeholders of the organization. Training Need Analysis for Wal-Mart is being provided through the following format Training Need Type of Training For Whom Objectives Front line associates of the various Wal-Mart outlets in some of the key emerging markets needs training in regards to style and fashion of involving in customer engagements. Role Playing Front line associates in Wal-Mart stores located in key emerging markets. To provide a superior shopping performance to the customers by providing high level of customer satisfaction through customer engagements. Front line associates of the Wal-Mart outlets in the key e merging markets needs training for rack arrangement as well as developing product knowledge. On job training Front line associates in Wal-Mart stores located in key emerging markets. To enable the front line as

Law - Directors Duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law - Directors Duties - Essay Example With the existing emphasis on corporate social responsibility, traditional common law notions had to be revised with a codification by the Companies Act Review. The codification of the Companies Act focused on 9 main sections, which define the duties that the directors owe to their companies. The first codification is section 171, which requires the directors to act within their powers in association with the company. Section 172 sets out the duty of the directors to promote the success of the company in a way that benefits the shareholders of the company. Section 173 requires the directors to exercise independent judgment in their actions and decisions, while section 174 of the codified version of the Companies Act requires the directors to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence in actions regarding the company. Section 175 requires the directors to avoid conflict of interest, where the methods or authorizing such conflicts have to be sanctioned by either board or shareholder approval. Section 176 requires the directors not to accept benefits from any third parties, especially if the benefits could lead to conflict of interest with the company’s articles. ... Section 182 of the Company’s Act also clearly sets out the remedies available to the shareholders or the company if a director breaches the duty to the company. As already stated, the codified duties are performed by the director for the company, which means that only the company or statutory liquidator is able to act on the director’s breach of duty. However, a shareholder is also able to bring a derivative action against the director if needed. From section 260 of the Company Act 2006, a derivative action is one that can be brought by an interested party, mainly shareholder, against a director as a remedy for breach of fiduciary duty owed to the company. Section 175 of the codified Companies Act 2006 has generated a lot of debate and interest from different parties (Hannigan, 2009). Under this section, the director must avoid any situations which can have direct or indirect conflicts with the interest of the company (Companys Act 2009). This section overlaps with othe r sections of the Companies Act, for example, it is already required that the director act in the best interests of the company, which means that the best interest would not overlap with any other interests. Previously, the rule on conflict of interest required the director to take steps to mitigate the conflict. For example, the director would be required to remove himself from board discussions, and in extreme circumstances, remove himself from the board completely (Hannigan, 2009). However, the new rule requires the director to completely avoid areas where the conflict o interest might arise, unless the board has prior notice and authorization for the conflict of interest. From the codification of this section, it is evident that there has been a lot of

Integrated Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Integrated Marketing Plan - Essay Example The plan also outlines the communication tools required for the launch of the product. The main marketing objective is to increase market share by 30% by the end of the plan implementation using appropriate communication tools such as online marketing, brand advertising, telemarketing, tradeshows, and direct mail. The company also wants to increase the purchase of its products by sports people and the general population. The communication objectives include; (a) making the product known to the target audience by the end of plan implementation; the objective is to reach approximately 25% of the target audience; and (b) to increase the number of target audience purchasing the products through the internet by 30% by the end of plan implementation. The company also wants to increase the target audience’s visits to its stores by 10% by the end of plan implementation. The objectives will be met through the use of appropriate communication tools. The company faces several issues and challenges. Other competitors such as Nike and Adidas have already reached the target audiences. The international footwear market is highly fragmented and competitive with numerous smaller players and a few key players. It is estimated that only a few of the companies such as Nike and Adidas are able to reach the 1 billion U.S. dollar barrier (Packaged Facts 2009, p71). This indicates that reaching the target audiences will pose a great challenge to the company because of the stiff competition from the other footwear companies. SWOT analysis of the company includes the following. The main strength of the company is the already established brand. The quality of its products is also exceptional. The target audience (the general population) lies within the ages of 6 to 50 years and this means that once they (the group between the ages of 6 to 25 years) have bought a product from the company, they will most likely buy it in the future. Thus, this will is a great strength for the compan y because it will develop a long-term relationship with the company. The greatest weakness for the company is that it is still new in the market and the products it is launching are entirely new. Notions about the quality of the product may affect its penetration into the market. The rapidly changing tastes of the shoe buyers present a great opportunity for the company to become more innovative. Products that look trendy attract the consumers. For the company, it indicates that performance and comfort of the products need to be improved (Gray 2012, par. 4). Though the economic recession has adversely affected most of the industries, it seems to be a positive impact for the footwear industry. The economic recession has affected the consumer trends and they are purchasing what they require to survive. Items such as diapers, groceries, shoes, and medicine top the list of what the consumers are buying (Rosenbloom 2009, par. 1). Stiff competition from other footwear companies such as Nik e and Adidas is a major threat to the company (Packaged Facts 2009, p71). The name of the product is TOMS and it was introduced into the company at the start of the year. The aim of the company is to introduce the product to the sports audience and the general population. The selected target audience is the sports people and the general population. The demand for footwear products is driven by demographics and fashion (Gray 2012, par. 2). The global footwear consumption is

Single Member Plurality Electoral System Essay Example for Free

Single Member Plurality Electoral System Essay The Fallacy of the Single Member Plurality Electoral System Government efficiency is dependent on the capacity of the government to make decisions that mirror the views of the majority. This would require municipal representatives to be elected by at least half of the voters. This has not been the case in Canada. Electoral reform has been a highly debated issue throughout Canadian politics. Currently, Canada’s electoral system is being questioned for its inability to reflect the political views of its citizens. The single member plurality system (SMP), which Canada employs to fabricate a democratic election, can cause representatives to be elected without the majority of the popular vote. In contrast, the system of proportional representation eliminates an inequity in parliament composition by ensuring representation from every party that received votes. Although this system would inevitably result in minority governments, it would appropriately cater to the views of the constituents. To produce a more effective government, Canada’s single member plurality electoral system should be replaced by a system of proportional representation (PR). Another attempt to negate the effectiveness of the PR system is by charging that it would lead to the decline of responsible government. The reasoning behind this lies with the theory that PR disenfranchises a parties capability to â€Å"formulate policies, administer programs, make laws, submit budgets†(Barker, 287). Opponents contend that under PR, the government would be unable to garner enough confidence from the legislative branch. However, by looking at the opposite side of the spectrum, one would agree that this disadvantage is minimal compared to the policy making created through single member plurality. SMP encourages parties to form lowest common denominator policies in order to achieve a plurality of votes. Consequently, parties will create platforms that advocate policies that are indistinguishable to those of other party platforms. By providing ambiguous party principles, a constituent’s local MP can avoid being held accountable. In essence, â€Å"the plurality system encourages MPs and political parties to reflect some limited concerns of their geographic districts while ignoring the deeply held principles of the voters†(Heimstra and Jansen, 300). The only thing differentiating Canadian parties is their promise of â€Å"social benefits beyond what the economy could tolerate†(Irvine, 45). Since parties under PR do not have to compete for the median voter, â€Å"governing parties have less incentive to manipulate policy for short run ends†(Irvine, 50). As mentioned earlier, minority governments are likely to be assembled over a majority government under a PR system. This will entice legislature to form a coalition, thereby facilitating the demands of all the different regions comprising Canada. Eventually, long term policy making will be executed with less hesitation, as governments will soon realize that regardless the outcome of the following election, support for their proposed policy will still exist. The inability of the House of Commons to finalize long-term policy-making has stunted economic growth in Canada because of ineffective governments elected through SMP. The greatest disadvantage of single member plurality is its inhibiting effect on voter turnout. Voter turnout has been decreasing steadily as more people have come to the realization that their votes will not necessarily be accounted for. In Jeffrey Simpson’s book, The Friendly Dictatorship, the author reveals that â€Å"only 61 per cent of eligible Canadians bothered to vote in 2000, the lowest turnout by far since the Second World War†(Simpson, 144). It is important to note that Canada counts voter turnout by the number of people who vote in relation to the number of people on the electoral list. Since not everyone eligible to vote gets on the electoral list, the numbers are actually far lower than they appear. With a large number of eligible voters staying home, elected MPs do not have a real mandate to represent their constituents. This discrepancy has the potential to produce an ineffective government and a discontent amid the members of society. It has become increasingly important to determine the cause of this decreased interest in voting. electoral system is often described as a â€Å"first past the post† system. The way in which this system functions is that each voter is allowed one vote and the candidate with the most votes (or a plurality) becomes elected. Proportional representation, on the other hand, can be accomplished through a multitude of electoral methods. But for the sake of convenience, we will focus primarily on the two most notable systems: party list system, and mixed member proportional. The party list system used to achieve PR relies on the voter to choose the party they wish to support as opposed to the actual candidate.

Moses Mendelssohn :: essays research papers

Moses Mendelssohn lived between the years 1729 and 1786. He was known as the " father of Haskalah " because of his contributions to the Haskalah movement. Mendelssohn was a Jewish philosopher, and got much of his education from his father, the local rabbi, David Frankel. Mendelssohn studied the philosophy of Maimonides. He had written the " Principally Leibnia ",as an attack on the national neglect of native philosophers. Also published by Mendelssohn was the " Philosophical Conversations " in 1755. Between the years 1756 and 1759, Mendelssohn became known as the " leading spirit of the Bibiothek " and ran some risk by freely criticizing the poems of the king of Prussia. In 1762 he won the prize offered by the Berlin academy for an essay on the application of mathematical proofs to metaphysics. On October 1763, the King granted Mendelssohn the privilege of Protected Jew (Schutz - Jude), which assured his right to undisturbed residence in Berlin. Mendelssohn devoted his life to the culture and emancipation of the Jews. He began by his German translation of the pentateuch and other parts of the bible. From this, the Jews learned the German language, German culture, and got a desire for German nationality. Mendelssohn put forward his plea for tolerance in Jerusalem " Oder Uben Religios Macht und Judenthum ". Mendelssohn was a great philosopher, and his contributions to the Jews were and still are great. Samson Raphael Hirsch lived between the years 1808 and 1888. He was the leader of Orthodoxy in Germany in the nine-teenth century. Hirsch was known as the " Jewish religious thinker ", and the " founder of Trenniley-Othodixie " (separatist Orthodoxy). He was the leading spirit in the establishment and of modernized Orthodox Jewish congregation and school system. The slogan of the growing " neo-orthodox " group was " torah combined with wordily wisdom ". They believed in schools that the Hebrew language, Jewish subjects, secular studies, and the school curriculum should be taught. Prussia adopted a law permitting Jews to secede from the general Jewish community and establish separate religious societies. Hirsch wrote " Nineteen Letters "," Horeb ", commentaries on the Pentateuch, Psalms, the Hebrew prayer book, and edited the monthly " Jeshurun ". Hirsch showed Judaism as a community based on faith, aiming at the sanctification of life, the spiritualization of man, and the attainment of an awareness of G-d's presence on Earth. He rejected biblical criticism, and the application of scientific methods to the study of Judaism. Moses Mendelssohn and Samson Raphael Hirsch were different in that Mendelssohn believed in secular education,assimilation within your country, and learning the language of the country ( in his case, it was Germany ) .

Designing a Manufacturing Process Toshiba´s Notebook Computer Assembly Line Essay

Whenever a new model is introduced at Toshiba, management attempts to improve the assembling process in terms of increasing productivity and decreasing costs. Attentiveness is directed towards reducing the amount of components and simplifying production and assembly. Manufacturing engineering manager Toshihiro Nakamura introduced a prototype assembly sheet concerning the new notebook model. The following precedence graph examines the process sheet. Task numbers: 1-17; task time in seconds (in brackets). The assembly line consists out of 6 workstations. Labour time (in seconds) for each workstation is indicated in brackets. Workstation 1, task 1 (75). Workstation 2, tasks 2 and 3 (85). Workstation 3, tasks 4, 5 and 6 (97). Workstation 4, tasks 7, 8 and 9 (105). Workstation 5, tasks 10-15 (101). (Workstations 6, 7 and 8 are operating the software load). The final workstation 9 handles tasks 16 and 17 (120). The sum of task time therefore equals 583 seconds. The assembly line is designed assuming that one notebook would be assembled every 2 minutes by six workers. Therefore, daily capacity of the assembly line would be 225 units (450 minutes operating time per day), assuming that on each one of the six workstations a computer is positioned at the beginning of the day. Initial production for the new model is 150 units per day, increasing to 250 the following week and eventually up to 300 units, depending on process success. The bottleneck in this assembly  line is located between workstation 4 and 5. Workstation 4 completes its tasks (7, 8, and 9) within 105 seconds whereas workstation 5 finishes after 101 seconds. This results in a slack of 4 seconds per unit at workstation 5. A potential solution to this problem might be assigning higher skilled staff to workstation 4 in order to push on assembly time. More detailed recommendations will follow. This bottleneck constitutes the major issue within this production process and will be examined in more detail in the following. Analysing the major issues concerns calculating potential slack times at workstation 5 regarding different amounts of units being produced. With the initial production of 150 units per day, a slack of 600 seconds (10 minutes) at workstation 5 would appear per day. It takes 3 minutes to finish one unit, assuming that 150 units are produced per day with an operating time of 7.5 hours. Producing 250 units per day means that one unit is assumed to be finished after 1.8 minutes or 108 seconds. When production increases up to 300 units per day, operating time per unit would be 1.5 minutes or 90 seconds. Hence, increasing production results in increased slack times at workstation 5. With a production of 250 units per day, slack time would be 1000 seconds or 16.67 minutes. Within those 16.7 minutes of slack time, 9.3 units could have been produced. With a production of 300 units per day, slack time would even increase up to 20 minutes in which 13.3 units could have been produced. These calculations clearly illustrate inefficiency at workstation 4 which results in major costs due to relatively high idle times. Extrapolating these numbers up to a working week, assuming that 5 days à ¡ 7.5 hours the assembly line is in operation, significantly high slack times and therefore unnecessary costs arise. Assuming a production of 250 units per day, slack time at station 5 per week would be 83.5 minutes in which an additional 46 units could have been produced. Efficiency of the assembly line will be calculated in the following with regard on different amounts of units being produced. Eventually the optimal number of units to reach an efficiency of 100% will be calculated. With 250 units produced per day, a cycle time of 108 seconds per unit results. Hence, using the formula for calculating the line ´s efficiency, (sum of task times = 583 seconds/6 workstations x 108 seconds cycle time) results in an efficiency rate of m89.97% (~ 90%). Running at a maximum capacity of 300 units per day (583/6Ãâ€"90), line efficiency would be 107.96% which is not close to reality. Relative to its use of labour, an efficiency of ~ 108% producing at maximum capacity is not achievable. More workers would be needed and staff would have to work on one task simultaneously. An efficiency of 100% can be reached with a daily production of 277 units per day assuming that the assembly line maintains its initial set up of 6 workstations with the same labour time. The actual efficiency rate (with 277 units produced per day) constitutes 99.66% which is the maximum that can be reached. In order to dispense the previously discussed issue of inefficiency at workstation 4, several recommendations will be highlighted. Firstly, the easiest solution in relation to not changing the assembly set up would be to assign more skilled workers to station 4 in order to speed up the assembling process. Going hand in hand with this assumption is that the supporter might help staff at workstation 4. The problem is though, that the supporter ´s task certainly is to help out the assembly workers where help is needed but his/her task is not to stay in one spot at all times. Moreover, redesigning the assembly set up might benefit workstation 4. The redesign is concerned with the optimal placement of staff. In the case of Toshiba ´s assembly line it might be helpful to expand the section of workstation 4 in order to place one or two additional workers. Another possible solution might be to place additional staff not just on one side of the conveyer belt but on the other one as well. Especially in the section of workstation 4 additional help from across might be a solution. The assembly line has space for a total of 12 positions. Not all are being used. Another potential determination might be to split up workstation 4 into two and place the new one in a free spot. Regarding the calculations of slack times and efficiency with different amounts of units being produced, one can conclude that Toshiba ´s assembly line is relatively efficient but has space to improve. Workstation 4 represents the main problem of this case but several potential solutions were presented. Overall efficiency of this assembly line is quite high and appropriate. (All calculations were made without considering any break times)