buy custom Diet Pop or Regular Pop essay

buy custom Diet Pop or Regular Pop essay Many people have faced problems in deciding which pop to take. People have different opinions on the reasons why they prefer a particular pop instead of another. Through various researches carried worldwide, People have tried to know specific causes of ailments especially those thought to be associated with food. Although it is known that everything that has an advantage have a disadvantage, the need to study on the best option has made me choose this area of study. It is important to know the components of each of these pops and decide on the one that has the least side effects or harm on human health (Brownell et al, 2007). Diet pop contains aspartame, which is a sweetener although it is non-sugar. Diet pop include the cola drinks, which are found worldwide. At temperatures around 30 degrees Celsius, the aspartame in diet pop changes to phermeldahide. This is a chemical substance, which is used as a freezing agent in mortuaries. Consumption of this chemical substance at large amount is vital to human health and can cause cancer, severe ailments, brain tumors, lymphoma, and brain lesions. On the other hand, regular pop contains a small percentage of sugar. Human body especially for proper functioning of the brain requires sugar. Consumption of large amounts of sugar may also be dangerous but the regular pop does not contain lots of sugar that can pose health dangers to individuals. Purpose of the study The primary purpose of this study is to decide which type of pop is good for human health. The major area of interest is the side effects of consumption of these pops. It is therefore, paramount to carry out this study because it will help in advising people on the best pop to take and to reduce chances of getting healthy problems and illnesses associated with pop consumption. Literature review Studies by George showed that diet pop causes allergies; these drinks contain low-calories and may cause chronic or acute hives. Another research by Dr. McCay at a research institute showed that these drinks also damages calcium in the body (Brownell et al, 2007). Furthermore, a health study by nurses showed that those women who consume diet drinks daily increases isks of high blood pressure by 9-13 % (Hu et al, 2006). Methodology In order to carry out this research successfully, several methods were used. These methods include use of questionnaire, and interviews. Archived medical data was also drawn and analyzed. Several people were interviewed on their preferred pop and their reasons for their preferences were considered. Questionnaires were also used and people were to give their opinion on the use of diet and regular pops. Medical data on instances of ailments due to consumption of diet or regular pop were also used. From all the data obtained, analysis were done and conclusions drawn. Results From the interviews taken, 98% of the people interviewed, both male and female were found to prefer taking regular pop. 95% of these preferred natural juice while the rest preferred flavored water. All the 98% had at one point taken diet pop and 90% had cases of headaches. The others fell dehydrated and opted to do away with diet pop. From questionnaires, it was found out that 89% of the people do not take diet pop. 90% of them have never taken them because they have knowledge on the side effects and the others have had headaches, and other withdrew after their close relatives or friends were diagnosed of cancer or brain tumors after a long consumption of diet pop. The other 2% were found to take diet pop everyday and they have never experienced any problem. They only find that they cannot so without it. The other group of people who experienced weight gain after consuming the two pops gave the results below. consumption Regular pop Diet pop can per day -1 can per day 1-2 cans per day 2 cans per day 25% 30% 32% 47% 35% 37% 54% 57% Medical datta obtained from a district hospital showed that 60% of those patients with cancer were because of consuming diet pop. Those with brain tumors amounted to 10%. It was also found that those with frequent headaches were because of consuming diet pop (Drewnowski Bellisle, 2007). Discussion From the results obtained above, it is evident that diet pop is not good for human health. A higher percentage of people prefer taking regular pop because it does not contain any chemical substance, which is harmful for human health. Others opted to taking regular pop because they consistently increased weight unexpectedly. From the results tabulated above, it is seen that those who took diet pop had a higher weight gain rates. Moreover, many have opted to taking flavored water or naturally squeezed juice instead of diet pop. From these findings, it is clear that past research is true and many people are likely to stop taking diet pop in the near future. Many have knowledge on the side effects as brought up by scientist in the past and are not willing to take them at any time (Brownell et al, 2007). Although this study is successful, there were problems encountered in analyzing qualitative data and this is the major weakness of this study. It is, however, the best study because the quantitative analysis gave consistent results with past research and hence, considered successful and proven that taking regular pop is healthy compared to taking diet pop. Conclusion and recommendation In conclusion, it is clear that diet pop is harmful to human health. To avoid chances of getting cancer, brain tumors among other associated diseases, people should resort to taking natural juice. Chemical components like the artificial sweeteners make the body react and generate insulin. In a case where a person is addicted to use of diet pop, it is advisable to drink plenty of water so that the body does not feel dehydrated. It is clear that there is a difference in the sugar requirement for male and females (Hu et al, 2006). Future researchers are hereby advised to carry out more research and ensure that they separate male and female data. This will show who are prone to sicknesses due to consumption of diet pop. Buy custom Diet Pop or Regular Pop essay

Panama Papers

Panama Papers HUGE LEAK OF INFORMATION REVEALS WHAT WORLDS ELITE WANTS TO HIDE Tax evasion in the form of offshore accounts and companies has been relatively common among the wealthy elite for a long time. The Panama Papers have revealed the extent of the corruption involved. The law firm and corporate services provider Mossack Fonseca has been protecting its clients’ information for a long time, and there has been a tremendous offshore records leak as of late. The massive leak of documents that have come to be known as the Panama Papers, because Mossack Fonseca is based in Panama, have revealed that the world’s wealthy elite has been evading taxation and committing fraud to a degree that has stunned the whole world. These papers have provided authorities with information on 214,488 offshore actors. FINANCIAL REWARDS ARE THE ONLY WAY TO GAIN EMPLOYEE LOYALTY The People Implicated by the Panama Papers The Panama Papers are truly shocking in terms of their scope. There are 11.5 million records here, and they are full of the accounts of illegal activities of billionaires, drug traffickers, politicians, professional athletes, and celebrities. Football player Lionel Messi and famous actor Jacki Chan are among their ranks. There are at least 128 public officials and politicians involved, including the king of Saudi Arabia, six members of the House of Lords in the United Kingdom, and the prime ministers of Pakistan and Iceland. More than two hundred people with American addresses alone have shown up in these documents. In many cases, the families of politicians were involved, such as the children of the Azerbaijan president. At least 33 of the people and companies that have been implicated have been involved with terrorist organizations, rogue nations, or drug lords. One bitterly ironic facet of the scandal is the fact that public leaders who have become famous for trying to end corruption have also been involved. Chinese leader Xi Jinping’s family is connected to the documents, as is the father of British Prime Minister David Cameron. It is possible that some of these people are victims of circumstances and that they have not benefited from the shady dealings of their families, but it is equally possible that they partly managed to get away with what they did because it was through their family members. It does seem that a great deal of these people have been using trusted individuals to take the risk when it comes to laundering money for them, particularly people like President Putin. At this point in the scandal, some of the people accused or involved with those who were accused are coming forward. Overall, they have been trying to weasel out of their responsibilities. Vladimir Putin has said that the allegations were just designed to discredit the people involved and cause instability in Russia. The Icelandic prime minister has resigned over this scandal, and this scandal may change Iceland’s public image for a long time. HOW HUMAN DIGNITY IS VALUED WITHIN THE ACADEMIC SPHERE Mossack Fonseca’s Involvement In an International Corruption Scandal Up until recently, Mossack Fonseca was an obscure corporate service provider and law firm that was located in Panama but with a few dozen branches and offices throughout the world. It is the fourth largest offshore law firm in the world, but it never really rose to prominence in the general public consciousness. Today, this is a law firm and corporate service provider that is going to go down in history as being one of the most infamous and corrupt organizations in the world. There are lots of documents to go through that will illuminate exactly what Mossack Fonseca did for their clients. However, overall, they worked to keep a huge amount of information related to their clients’ financial records secret. They have removed paper records and erased electronic records in the wake of potential legal troubles for their clients. They backdate documents in order to help their clients cheat in financial transactions. In fact, clients have actually paid them to backdate documents, so there is no doubt that many of these clients knew about this practice and actively encouraged it. Law firms are allowed to give their clients a high degree of confidentiality, but it is safe to say that Mossack Fonseca has abused that privilege in every way. The International Community Responds to the Panama Offshore Records Leak The Panama Papers scandal is shaping up to be one of the defining moments of the twenty-first century. The international community has jumped on it. Journalists all around the world are working together in order to investigate Mossack Fonseca more thoroughly. This issue has managed to bring journalists together in a way that was completely unprecedented. Law enforcement officials from all over the world are launching their own investigations into Mossack Fonseca and everyone connected to the law firm. Brazil has been particularly active when it comes to uncovering the scandal and bringing the people responsible to justice. They are investigating former president Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva and current president Dilma Rousseff may lose her position as a result of this scandal. Employees at the Brazilian office of Mossack Fonseca have been arrested, and Brazil is continuing to respond to this problem. Other countries that have Mossack Fonseca offices are launching more of their own investigations. ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL IN POLITICS This scandal has tremendous implications for people all around the world. High London property prices have been linked to the fact that these wealthy people have been able to buy up the best properties in the area while evading the local taxes and using cached wealth. Some people have discussed this issue in terms of the Great Recession, wondering about the link between ongoing economic troubles and the Panama Papers. Of course, the scandal has also revived the old debate about privacy and access to information in a technological society, with some people raising concerns about the broader implications about the leak and not just the results of the leak. Other sources are celebrating the incident as an example of a new form of activism that is only possible in the Information Age, and which will stop the rich and the powerful from guarding all of their ignoble secrets. The situation raises all sorts of questions about the amount of wealth that has been siphoned away from governments all around the world as a result of all of this offshore tax evasion. Norway, Spain, Germany, Australia, and France are all looking into the issue from the taxation perspective, partly in the hopes of recovering some of the money that their respective governments are owed. There is no telling how all of the recovered wealth might affect the economy, or whether the costs of the investigation are going to counteract all of the potential financial benefits.

Management Information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management Information - Essay Example In this scenario management of corporation has decided to implement a new technology based structure and platform that would have the capability to effectively manage and control all the business operations. This report outlines the new information system (IS) strategy for the Golden Fleece Hotel. In addition, this report will offer an analysis of the key aspects of information system strategy and how it will increase revenue for the organization. The business of Golden Fleece Corporation involves the management of hotel. This business was established in 1999 and now became a large size organization. In potential advancements of the business there are some business problems. Golden Fleece hotel is based on 100-Â ­room resort hotel located in South Yorkshire. In addition, Golden Fleece hotel is mainly aimed at targeting the business people and travellers. In this scenario the business owner ‘Hugh Johnson’ wants to offer its customers unique hotel experience and enjoyment facilities. However, in potential enhancement in the business of the Golden Fleece there are some problems regarding management of business operations and tasks, for instance, effective management of the business, customer and resources data handling. However, by seeing the potential enhancements in the field of information technology the management of Golden Fleece has decided to implement and incorporate new technology to manage the business op erations. This report onward will present some of main aspects regarding development of the new information strategy (IS) strategy for the Golden Fleece Hotel. The business of Golden Fleece Hotels flourished really much in beginning years however as the business enhanced its traditional business structure was not capable to handle the business operations. Additionally, the business also faced some economic down term. Thus, the Golden Fleece’s occupancy rate had begun to fall. The main

Red Blood Cells Cytoskeleton Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Red Blood Cells Cytoskeleton - Article Example The membrane of a red blood cell is a lipid bilayer with transmembrane proteins and a myriad of filamentous proteins along the whole membrane. In the membrane cytoskeleton, spectrin is the most commonly found protein, forming long and elastic heterodimers, that join head to head to form heterotetramers, the tails of which are composed of F-actin, protein 4.1, and actin-binding proteins called dematin, adducin, tropomyosin, and tropomodulin (Stokes). This whole meshwork of proteins is attached to the cytoskeleton at two places: â€Å"one mediated by ankyrin that couples spectrin to Band 3 and the other mediated by protein 4.1 that couples the junctional complex to Glycophorin C† (Stokes, para.2). So, we see that human red blood cells are deficient in actin–myosin–microtubule cytoskeleton, which is helpful in cell shape determination, according to a recent research (Acton 69). The proteins of the cytoskeleton plasma membrane interact to form a barrier for toxins, b ut help the ions and information signals to pass in and out of the cell membrane. Stokes, David. â€Å"Architecture of the Cytoskeleton in Red Blood Cells.† Laboratory of David Stokes. NYU School of Medicine, 2011. Web. 18 Nov 2012.

Workplace Motivation Essay Example for Free

Workplace Motivation Essay The theory of motivation in the workplace is defined as empowering others to perform tasks they would not normally perform. Considering there is a multitude of ideas, theories, and methods promoted by experts in the area of employee motivation, choosing the correct method is daunting. The goal is to select one or combine methods that will motivate employees to excel in the workplace and attempt to increase employees’ personal satisfaction. The challenge in all organizations is to create a perfect balance between employee motivation and how to implement and sustain the program. Positive reinforcement has proven to be one method easily applied in the workplace and is conducive to higher productivity and profitability. However, diligence by the management staff must be required to create and maintain the motivation level of employees. The motivation level of the dispatch department at Prime Satellite had been an issue of contention with the management for many years. The turnover in that particular department exceeded any other department in the company. Admittedly the job was a stressful and frustrating position. These employees were also the least paid per hour than other employees at the company therefore, the massive turnover problem. I had been employed as the technical customer service manager for six years at this time. My department and the dispatch department worked closely to maintain a high-level of customer service. Observing the constant stream of new employees in the department and low morale, I suggested changes to the owner. The owner asked me to become the dispatch manager to correct the situation. The first change was in the recruiting and hiring process. The previous candidates for the position had not been selected on a specific skill set because the job duties were undefined. The job required a person who could understand technical information in addition to possess excellent communication skills. These employees had to relay detailed information not only to satellite technicians but also customers. The most important skill the employees required was intrinsic motivation because the employees would have to work autonomously once they were trained. Understanding the job duties, the company began hiring more competent people. The pay was increased by two dollars an hour to recruit the talent to create a fully functioning and productive department. The first change to the training procedure was to engage the employee to discuss her ambitions and her expectations from the company. I thought this was important to create a dialogue and a sense of belonging. A history of the company was explained to each new hire. This became important because the employees could envision a future with the organization. The business was rapidly expanding and the new employees were encouraged to participate in the exciting possibilities. The next change was in the training process. The department had five employees who required retraining. This action was not received with enthusiasm by four of the five employees. The lack of motivation and low morale of the department had created an environment of apathy. Therefore, retraining was futile. I recruited and hired four new employees within the first two months of managing the department. The new environment was happy, positive, and creative. I could not authorize monetary rewards. However, praise and recognition are free. This created a team of motivated and positive people because teamwork does not depend on monetary compensation. The sense of belonging provided the employees empowerment over their daily duties. Employee satisfaction correlated with the productivity of the department with an increase of 150% within 90 days of implementing the new policies. The humanistic view of motivation may have critics but in this situation the theory proved to be effective. The new procedures were not without pitfalls. Each employee had her own work ethic, cognitive skills, and level of motivation. Learning each employee’s characteristics and habits assisted me in learning how to discipline and reward each individual. This challenge proved to be one of the most rewarding experiences in my work experience because I believe in self-actualization and encourage it in others. The employees were encouraged to develop new skills and techniques to improve their own performance. They were the people performing the job on a day-to-day basis therefore each employee’s suggestion was considered to develop new strategies to eliminate repetition and enhance productivity. The more the employees became engaged in creating procedures, assumed responsibility, and provided feedback the more motivated they were to perform. The incentives the employee’s enjoyed could not be monetary but developed into a sense of worth and accomplishment. Remember, this was not an easy job. The employees had to speak to frustrated, angry technicians, customers, and salespeople. The stressful situation required diffusing on occasions. In those situations, the best solution became a long break and discussion. The employee would be taken to a quiet area of the office and allowed to vent, complain, or just talk through the stressful situation. This not only relieved the stress for the employee but also gave her the sense of validation that the company understood and most important cared about her well-being. I had created a team of people who worked for low pay yet had high motivation because of one simple fact; they were treated with dignity and respect. They were dedicated to perform to the best of their abilities because they could not let the team down. The previous attempts to increase employee retention in the dispatch department failed because the manager used fear to control the employees. He used the old scenario of â€Å"they get a paycheck, what more could they want† method. This extrinsic motivation technique did not apply to this situation of this company or any other. People need more in their workplace than a paycheck. They need to believe they are doing something worthwhile to be intrinsically motivated. What happened next in this organization will validate the last statement. The ownership of the company changed. The changes to the culture of the entire organization were profound and created a cognitive dissonance. The focus of the new administration was the bottom line and nothing else. Promises were not kept and threats of joblessness prevailed. Motivation plummeted. Extrinsic motivation was the only motivation for all the employees. The new method of motivation was not sufficient to retain the best employees. Benefits were curtailed, bonuses and raises were suspended, and recognition was nonexistent. The Expectancy X value theory was destroyed for those employees who depended on that type of motivation. Praise for a job well done became extinct because the new owner decided it was not necessary. The exclusive reliance on extrinsic motivation will fail if intrinsic motivation no longer exists. The employee retention problem returned with vengeance. Within the first 90 days after the new ownership, the department lost three of its best employees because the support for self-actualization ceased to be an important factor. Humans do not tolerate negative changes to their environment such as the workplace. If a hygienic environment becomes confused with misinformation, distrust, and lack of security it will become toxic. This became a very toxic workplace for all involved. Obviously, this was not the correct motivational theory to apply. The company closed one year later. Motivation is imminently important to any organization whether it be business, school, social group, or a family. The more humane and positive the motivation, the more productive anyone or anything will become.

Classical vs. Operant Conditioning :: essays research papers

Learning Thoughts on Learning â€Å"Learning is not compulsory. Neither is survival.† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  W. Edwards Demming â€Å"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten.† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.F. Skinner â€Å"I am always doing that which I cannot do, in order that I may learn how to do it.† –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pablo Picasso What is Learning? A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from experience Types of Learning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classical conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operant conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive and social learning Classical Conditioning: Examples †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sound of a dentist’s drill: sweaty palms †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smell of mom’s perfume: smiling †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sight of certain restaurant: nausea †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Noise of a can opener: cat comes running †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smell of a hospital: weakened immunity Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discovered (accidentally) by Ivan Pavlov Pavlov’s Observation †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Studied digestion in dogs Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 1 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Food (US): salivation (UR) –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reflexive response †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tone (CS): nothing (CR) Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 2 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CS is repeatedly paired with the US –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A tone is sounded before the food is presented Pavlov’s Experiment: Phase 3 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eventually, the CS elicits a new CR –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hearing the tone by itself causes salivation Classical Conditioning: Conditioned Emotional Response †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoidance learning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conditioned phobias –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Little Albert Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extinction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spontaneous recovery Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulus generalization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulus discrimination Higher Order Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pair CS1 with a new CS2 †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CS2: CR †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But, CR will be weaker Classical Conditioning Applied †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Drug overdoses †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Smoking: environmental cues †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Systematic desensitization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Advertising: sex appeal †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Taste aversion †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conditioning and the immune system Types of Learning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Classical Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Operant Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cognitive and Social Learning Operant Conditioning: Examples †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tantrums are punished: fewer tantrums †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tantrums bring attention: more tantrums †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slot machine pays out: gamble more †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reward dog for sitting: dog is likely to sit Operant Conditioning †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Thorndike’s puzzle box –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Law of Effect: actions that have positive outcomes are likely repeated †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skinner box Operant Conditioning: Principles †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Stimulus-Response †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reinforcement –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Positive reinforcement –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Negative reinforcement Effective Punishment †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should be –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Swift –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consistent –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Appropriately aversive †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Challenges –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Physical punishment may be imitated –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  May fear the person who punishes †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most effective when paired with reinforcers Reinforcement †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Primary reinforcers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Secondary reinforcers †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Behavior modification †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Immediate versus delayed reinforcement Beyond Basic Reinforcement †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Generalization †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discrimination –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Discriminative stimulus †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Extinction †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spontaneous recovery

Method of Radical Doubt

The method of doubt that is used to attain certainty was formulated by famous Western philosopher Rene Descartes (Burnham & Fieser). It was initially formulated to be a method for religion, science, and epistemology (Burnham & Fieser). He lived in the 16th to 17th century, and created works on mathematics and physics (Burnham & Fieser). His method of radical or hyperbolic doubt was a product of his being a radical skeptic. This position means that Descartes did not readily accept anything as true. Moreover, he did not immediately classify anything as knowledge. Thus, contrary to the inclinations of philosophers and thinkers of his time, he never believed in anything unless they passed his test of indubitability (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes vehemently denied the prevailing concepts of his time, as put forward by the Aristotelian, Scholastic, and Medieval traditions (Burnham & Fieser). This gave birth to his determination to be a radical skeptic, which for him allowed him to start anew in his quest for a philosophical foundation (Burnham & Fieser). However, it is important to note that Descartes’ radical skepticism is different from the position of other skeptics, which is doubting for the sake of doubting. Feature Article Relative Rates:  Free-Radical Bromination Being a radical skeptic, Descartes desperately searched for true knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). For him, knowledge is based on truth and indubitability (Burnham & Fieser). A certain proposition would only be accepted as knowledge if it were true and does not entertain doubt (Burnham & Fieser). For example, one’s knowledge of a table is brought about by his belief that it is true and real. Descartes formulated a criteria of knowledge based on clarity and distinctness, which gives a person confidence in his determination of whether a statement is worthy of being accepted as true knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes’ radical skepticism is characterized by his comprehensive rejection of the reliability of accepting ideas as truth or knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). He is known for the wide-ranging premise that truth is not represented by a person’s ideas (Burnham & Fieser). For him, ideas cannot be automatically classified as truth (Burnham & Fieser). Quite the contrary, ideas obscure a person’s perception of the truth. (Burnham & Fieser). Thus Descartes rejected all ideas that are susceptible to doubt. In this connection, he likewise excluded mere wishes or opinions from real knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). For him, such dubitable ideas could not serve the purpose of determining the foundation for philosophy or knowledge (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes’ method of hyperbolic doubt was explained in detail in his work published in 1641, entitled Meditations on First Philosophy, wherein he discussed issues regarding the existence of God and the distinction between mind and body (Burnham & Fieser). In this book, Descartes concluded that there is at least a doubting being whose existence is independent of its body; namely, himself (Burnham & Fieser, 2006). Descartes’ method of hyperbolic doubt consists of several stages (Burnham & Fieser). First, it involves the identification of a class of knowledge that is unreliable because it is not credible (Burnham & Fieser). This class of knowledge refers to sensory information, or those gathered from sensory stimuli (Burnham & Fieser). Descartes’ choice of doubting sensory knowledge is based on his stand that sensory knowledge has been known for failing in the past (Burnham & Fieser). Furthermore, Descartes claims that there is a distinct possibility that it will still fail in the future. Moreover, he referred to optical illusions, which are sensory knowledge that is based on deception. They make a person believe that his perceptions differ from what truly exists in the world (Burnham & Fieser. For Descartes, therefore, sensory knowledge cannot be trusted. Descartes next subjected his own ideas to radical doubt (Burnham & Fieser). This he did by imagining that there exists a God who deceives him into thinking his thought, beliefs, and perceptions. (Burnham & Fieser, 2006). However, due to Descartes’ strong belief in God, he later replaced the idea of God as the deceiver to avoid disagreeing with his Christian belief, and conjured the idea of a malevolent demon who deceives him (Burnham & Fieser). Under this test, Descartes was able to conclude that even his own ideas cannot be trusted because they can still be doubted, since they could have been implanted in his mind by the malevolent demon (Burnham & Fieser). Finally, Descartes settled with the conclusion that he exists (Burnham & Fieser). This conclusion he reached through mental intuition, because he noticed that there were statements that are presented to his mind with sufficient clarity and distinctness that there is no reason to doubt them (Burnham & Fieser). This gave rise to his famous phrase, â€Å"I think therefore I am,† or â€Å"Cogito ergo sum (Burnham & Fieser).† This cannot be doubted, because the fact that he doubts shows that there is an existing entity who performs the doubting (Burnham & Fieser). If he did not exist in the first place, then there is no being whom the malevolent demon would be deceiving (Burnham & Fieser).  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In sum, Descartes arrived at one conclusion using his method of radical doubt. This conclusion is that it is the indubitable truth that he is a thinking entity that exists (Burnham & Fieser). Works Cited Burnham, D. & Fieser, J. â€Å"Renà © Descartes (1596-1650).† The Internet Encyclopedia of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Philosophy. 2006. 1 Apr. 2007 .      

Cost of Ambition in Macbeth Essay

Human society burdens itself with generating organizational systems of rank to distinguish groups of people. Ambition — the quest for power — is a foremost drive embedded in the human spirit that motives men to better themselves. This quest is seen in Shakespeare’s tragic play Macbeth with the titular character who strives to achieve and maintain ultimate power. The central aspect of Macbeth lies with the title character’s desire to both follow and diverge from his destiny. After hearing of his future greatness from the seemingly omnipotent Weird Sisters, Macbeth comes to realize the latent ambition trapped within him (Act 1, Scene III). This initial realization of potential unbars him from his prior self (a life of both honor and prestige) to transcend his well-established morals. Macbeth yearns for power over his country and over his fellow man, ambitions that lead him down a dark and bloody path. Shakespeare uses this fall from good graces to demonstrate to readers the cost of being overambitious. Prophecy foretold of Macbeth’s future rule as king and alluded to his eventual fate with a message of warning. However, in contrast of the warning to be wary, it was also said that no man born of a woman — as every man is — held decisive power over Macbeth (Act 4, Scene I). This bold statement lends greatly to the expansion of Macbeth’s irrationality during his later tirades. His overly ambitious quest for power motivates him to prematurely end the life of the current king, an act he has no need to execute, for had the prophecy of his kingship really been true, he’d have been crowned sooner or later, but his lust for power blinds him to this fact (Act 1, Scene V). Given his reputation as a war hero, none surmount the treachery of suspecting Macbeth of committing such a crime, especially when the cover-up was so well planned. For this reason, Macbeth could work behind the scenes, plotting his takeover of the country and none would dare suspect malicious intentions from him. In this way, his ambition was unchecked. As mentioned, Macbeth entirely disregards the prophecy warning that certain dangers threaten his prosperity as king. He does this not due to a lack of superstition; he clearly believes in the Weird Sisters’ words of praise and success. He does so because he holds the premonition of fortune on higher grounds that that of misfortune. Thus, that men are blinded by ambition is another message Shakespeare hoped to convey. The very same ambition — rather, the fear of losing the product of that ambition — led Macbeth to challenge the same prophecy that granted him the throne. He sought victory over all, took up arms against fate, and marched towards an undefeatable destiny by slaughtering any kinsmen with a possibility of stealing the throne away from him (Act 3, Scene I). These repeated ventures into meaningless manslaughter lead him further down a destructive path laid out for him by his desire for power. The desire corrupts him, and greater forces rise in opposition. Shakespeare’s powerful storytelling shines here as Macbeth’s obsession with power is met by the force of balance. Macbeth oversteps his bounds to prematurely attain a rank already in his possession; as a reaction, the righteous force of Macduff, a man seeking only the best for the country, rose to oppose him. Herein we discover the most important of messages: ambition void of righteousness leads nowhere. Macduff also sought power, power over those who would bring forth the destruction of his beloved country. Ina conflict between two opposing power-seekers, as Shakespeare makes evident by the death of Macbeth by the hands of Macduff, the more righteous force is destined to prevail (Act V, Scene VII). Macbeth suffered from a devastating internal conflict: coming to terms with the idea that one lived with strength to usurp his power. Swollen with pride, he denied that any such being existed and thus became further susceptible to Macduff’s greater strength. Shakespeare conveys how the quest for power is a truly crippling experience when taken outside the bounds of rational thought. His character Macbeth actively seeks what is owed to by by the passage of time and ultimately pays the price for his misjudgment. Had Macbeth rationalized the situations presented to him by the Weird Sisters, he’d have taken their words as the prophecy of a reward for his national pride, not as instruments of corruption.

Oral Presentation Critique Essay Example

Oral Presentation Critique Essay Example Oral Presentation Critique Paper Oral Presentation Critique Paper Most of them went well but all of them could have been better. The funny thing about speeches is I can prepare a great speech and rehearse it until Im blue in the face but when the time comes to stand up and give that speech my heart beat starts fluctuating, my mouth dries instantly, and all my accepted wisdom is wiped clean. This is when I rely on my gift of gab and the confidence I have in myself. After all, this is coming from a guy who loves to tell stories and often enjoys being the center of attention. This time I had a well written speech, I was prepared, and I was confident to be standing in front of the class. Overall it was a success. After reading my classmates critiques about me I feel my presentation went well. Many of the comments contradicted themselves such as poor eye contact with excellent eye contact but others were much more accurate. Overall I think my delivery came across loud and clear and I feel I made good eye contact with my audience. I think I need to learn to slow it down a bit, I get excited and I start rambling. My content was really good, I used fun examples for each trait, and I had some clever transitions to get some laughs. I was very comfortable with my voice presence. I really felt I hooked the audience and kept their attention throughout my entire presentation. This Is thanks, of course, to great organization. I am not always the most organized person, but I really put some time Into this speech and organized it with note cards and rehearsed In front of people and when all was said and done, It felt good. I hope to overcome the Jitters. I realize they may never go away completely, but I would sure like to suppress them at times. I love to talk, and giving a speech should be no harder for me than telling a story, but It Is. One thing I have learned Is that If you get those Jitters but you have put the time and the organization In that Is needed for a great speech, you Just go right In to It. Before you know It youre done and It all went as you rehearsed, and It builds the confidence you need to suppress those Jitters the next time. I am looking forward to that time.

A Definition of Regular Education

A Definition of Regular Education Regular Education  is the term often used to describe the educational experience of typically developing children. The content of this curriculum is defined in most states by state standards, many which have adopted the Common Core State Standards. These standards define the academic skills that students should acquire at each grade level.  This is the Free and Appropriate Public Education  against which the program of a student who receives special education is evaluated. General Education is used interchangeably with regular education but is preferred. It is better to speak of general education students as opposed to regular education students. Regular implies that special education students are irregular, or somehow flawed. Once again, General Education is the curriculum designed for all children which are meant to meet state standards, or if adopted, the Common Core State Standards.  The General Education program is also the program which the states annual test, required by NCLB (No Child Left Behind,) is designed to evaluate.   Regular Education and Special Education IEPs and Regular Education: To provide FAPE for special education students, IEP goals should be aligned with the Common Core State Standards.  In other words, they should show that a student is being taught to the standards.  In some cases, with children whose disabilities are severe, IEPs will reflect a more functional program, which will be very loosely aligned with the Common Core State Standards, rather than directly linked to specific grade level standards.  These students are most often in self-contained programs.  They are also the most likely to be part of the three percent of students allowed to take an alternate test. Unless students are in the most restrictive environments, they will spend some time in the regular education environment.  Often, children in self-contained programs will participate in specials such as physical education, art, and music with students in the regular or general education programs.  When assessing the amount of time spent in regular education (part of the IEP report) time spent with typical students in the lunchroom and on the playground for recess is also credited as time in the general education environment.   Testing Until more states eliminate testing, participation in high stakes state tests aligned to the standards is required of special education students.  This is meant to reflect how the students perform alongside their regular education peers.  States are also permitted to require that students with severe disabilities are offered an alternate assessment, which should address the state standards.  These are required by Federal Law, in the ESEA (Elementary and Secondary education act) and IDEIA.  Only 1 percent of all students are allowed to take an alternate test, and this should represent 3 percent of all students receiving special education services. Examples: A statement in an IEP: John spends 28 hours each week in a regular education third-grade classroom with his typical peers where he receives instruction in social studies and science.

Assigment two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assigment two - Essay Example Conducting a training needs analysis significantly helps in the process of evaluating the lacking areas of the teams and individuals of an organization and can significantly lead to the process of development of skills of the employees, thereby increasing their individual productivity as well as the productivity of the entire organization on a whole. Training needs analysis is increasingly considered as a highly important tool for planning and management as it aids in the process of growth and development of the individuals and the organization (Drummond, 2008, p. 5 - 6) Talking in terms of Wal-Mart, it can be said that since Wal-Mart is a global organization, with interests and stakeholders present in major and emerging markets of the globe, there are some specific areas of development that Wal-Mart can focus on for the process of providing better opportunities towards individual development and resources on a global note. The most important areas of development that Wal–Mart can focus on at the present moment are the processes of educating and developing the front line associates in the emerging markets to go for better customer engagements as well as imparting relevant product knowledge and required rack arrangement. Another important area where Wal-Mart can conduct a training needs analysis is the process of evaluating the need of technological and process developments in the emerging markets which can in return lead to achieving of better production and efficiency. The organization also needs to conduct training need evaluations of the customers in the emerging markets for the purpose of generating better responses in the e-retailing formats. Also, the company needs to conduct the analysis for the purpose of assessing the gap of technology experts’ team of the organization and their efficiency in generating the valuable insights from customer information by using data analytics technology. 2. It is of considerable importance to state that Wal -Mart is a global organization, which increasingly focuses on generating extreme value for customer through its product and service offerings (Annual Report, 2012, p.4). Hence, its key strategies are more focused in generating more value to the customer, while increasingly going through various evolutionary phases and individual development techniques of the internal stakeholders of the organization. Training Need Analysis for Wal-Mart is being provided through the following format Training Need Type of Training For Whom Objectives Front line associates of the various Wal-Mart outlets in some of the key emerging markets needs training in regards to style and fashion of involving in customer engagements. Role Playing Front line associates in Wal-Mart stores located in key emerging markets. To provide a superior shopping performance to the customers by providing high level of customer satisfaction through customer engagements. Front line associates of the Wal-Mart outlets in the key e merging markets needs training for rack arrangement as well as developing product knowledge. On job training Front line associates in Wal-Mart stores located in key emerging markets. To enable the front line as

Law - Directors Duties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Law - Directors Duties - Essay Example With the existing emphasis on corporate social responsibility, traditional common law notions had to be revised with a codification by the Companies Act Review. The codification of the Companies Act focused on 9 main sections, which define the duties that the directors owe to their companies. The first codification is section 171, which requires the directors to act within their powers in association with the company. Section 172 sets out the duty of the directors to promote the success of the company in a way that benefits the shareholders of the company. Section 173 requires the directors to exercise independent judgment in their actions and decisions, while section 174 of the codified version of the Companies Act requires the directors to exercise reasonable care, skill and diligence in actions regarding the company. Section 175 requires the directors to avoid conflict of interest, where the methods or authorizing such conflicts have to be sanctioned by either board or shareholder approval. Section 176 requires the directors not to accept benefits from any third parties, especially if the benefits could lead to conflict of interest with the company’s articles. ... Section 182 of the Company’s Act also clearly sets out the remedies available to the shareholders or the company if a director breaches the duty to the company. As already stated, the codified duties are performed by the director for the company, which means that only the company or statutory liquidator is able to act on the director’s breach of duty. However, a shareholder is also able to bring a derivative action against the director if needed. From section 260 of the Company Act 2006, a derivative action is one that can be brought by an interested party, mainly shareholder, against a director as a remedy for breach of fiduciary duty owed to the company. Section 175 of the codified Companies Act 2006 has generated a lot of debate and interest from different parties (Hannigan, 2009). Under this section, the director must avoid any situations which can have direct or indirect conflicts with the interest of the company (Companys Act 2009). This section overlaps with othe r sections of the Companies Act, for example, it is already required that the director act in the best interests of the company, which means that the best interest would not overlap with any other interests. Previously, the rule on conflict of interest required the director to take steps to mitigate the conflict. For example, the director would be required to remove himself from board discussions, and in extreme circumstances, remove himself from the board completely (Hannigan, 2009). However, the new rule requires the director to completely avoid areas where the conflict o interest might arise, unless the board has prior notice and authorization for the conflict of interest. From the codification of this section, it is evident that there has been a lot of